Table 2.
In vitro time-dependent antiproliferative effect, expressed as concentration required to induce total cell growth inhibition (TGI, μg/mL), of doxorubicin (positive control), free bromelain solution, chitosan-bromelain nanoparticles (C-B-NP), and chitosan nanoparticles (C-NP).
| Cell linesb | TGIa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| U251 | HaCaT | |||
| 48c | 144c | 48c | 144c | |
| Doxorubicind | 0.26 ± 0.09 | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.06 |
| Bromelaind | > 250 | 0.25 | > 250 | 119.3 ± 21.4 |
| C-B-NPd | > 250 | 0.25 | > 250 | > 250 |
| C-NPd | > 250 | > 250 | > 250 | > 250 |
aResults expressed as total growth inhibition (in μg/mL) followed by standard error, calculated by sigmoidal regression using Origin 8.0 software.
bHuman tumor cell lines: U251, glioblastoma; Human non-tumor cell line: HaCaT, immortalized keratinocytes.
cTime exposure: 48 h and 144 h.
dSamples: doxorubicin (chemotherapeutic drug; 0.025–25 μg/mL); Bromelain (0.025–25 μg/mL, considering protein concentration); chitosan-bromelain nanoparticles (0.025–25 μg/mL, considering equivalent protein concentration of free bromelain); chitosan nanoparticles (0.025–25 μg/mL, considering equivalent amount of chitosan-bromelain nanoparticles).