Table 5.

Potential pre-clinical lysosome-targeted interventions for tumors

Classification	Intervention	Outcome	Reference
Autophagy activator	Rapamycin	Rapamycin suppresses M2 macrophage polarization	[253]
	Sorafenib	Sorafenib suppresses classical macrophage activation	[324]
Autophagy inhibitor	Hydroxychloroquine	Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine switches TAMs from M2 to M1 phenotype	[275, 276]
	Chloroquine
	Bafilomycin A1	Bafilomycin A1-induced M1-like polarization by preventing NF-κB degradation	[256]
	3-Methyladenine	3-Methyladenine prevents cross-talk between cancer cells and CAF through autophagy	[305]
Cathepsin B inhibitor	CA074Me	CA074Me inhibits cell invasion and inflammasome activation	[192, 289]
	CA-074	CA-074 inhibits EMT	[195]
Cathepsin S inhibitor	Fsn0503	Fsn0503 inhibits cell invasion	[286]
Cathepsin L inhibitor	Z-FY-CHO	Z-FY-CHO inhibits radio-resistance	[214]
	KGP94	KGP94 and KGP207 inhibits cancer cell invasion and M2-like TAMs	[284]
	KGP207
General cysteine cathepsin inhibitor	E64	E64 inhibits cell invasion	[283]
	JPM-OEt	JPM-OEt inhibits drug resistance, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, and invasion	[197, 254, 279]
Transfection vehicle	Ghost	Ghost is applied for transfection of LAMP2A siRNA in TAMs	[260]
	PEG = MT/PC NPs	PEG = MT/PC NPs is applied for transfection of VEGF and PIGF siRNA	[330]
	Porous silicon micro-particles	Porous silicon micro-particles is applied for delivering HER2 antigen into DCs	[334]
	Lipid-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles	Lipid-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles is applied for delivering antigen TRP2 mRNA and PD-1 siRNA	[335]
	Metal–organic framework	Metal–organic framework is applied for delivering tumor-associated antigens into macrophages	[336]
TAM remover	M-chlorin	M-chlorin can enter lysosomes and delete M2 macrophages	[430]
	DOX-SPCL	DOX-SPCL concentrates in lysosomes and delete macrophages	[332]
	MEN 4901/T-0128	MEN 4901/T-0128 releases cytotoxic T-2513 in lysosomes	[333]
TLR3 agonist	Poly(I:C)	Poly(I:C) activates M1 macrophages	[262]
TLR4 agonist	LPS	LPS activates M1 macrophages	[262]
	Polyethyleneimine	Polyethyleneimine reverses M2-like polarization	[264]
	Cationic dextran	Cationic dextran reverses M2-like polarization	[264]
	Multiwalled carbon nanotubes	Multiwalled carbon nanotubes reverses M2-like polarization	[265]
TLR7 agonist	CL264	CL264 reverses M2-like polarization	[262]
	1V270	1V270 reverses M2-like polarization	[266]
	Gardiquimod	Gardiquimod increases M1-like polarization	[267]
	Let-7b	Let-7b reverses M2-like polarization and suppresses IL-10 production	[268]
	R848	R848 increases M1-like polarization	[269]
	R837	R837 enhances anti-tumor immunity	[338]
TLR9 agonist	CpG ODN	CpG ODN potentiates antigen presentation in macrophages	[270]
Other	Spermine modified pullulan	Spermine modified pullulan can enter lysosomes and reprogram M2 macrophages to M1	[337]