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. 2021 Apr 30;12:676239. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.676239

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Copyright © 2021 Ostadkarampour and Putnins.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Catecholamine pathway for biosynthesis and MAO-mediated degradation. ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; AR, aldehyde reductase; ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; DOPAC, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; DOPAL, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde; DOPEGAL, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde; HVA, homovanillic acid; L-DOPA, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; MAO-A/B, monoamine oxidases A and B; MOPEGAL, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde; PNMT, phenolethanolamine-N-methyltransferase; VMA, vanillylmandelic acid.