TABLE 1.
Variable definition, specification, and summary statistics (N = 8655).
| Variable | Definition | Mean | Std. Dev |
|---|---|---|---|
| OOP expenditure on health | Continuous | 747.018 | 1194.665 |
| OOP expenditure on medicine | Continuous | 394.113 | 889.001 |
| Health insurance | Dummy (1 insured; 0 uninsured) | 0.298 | 0.457 |
| Monthly income | Continuous | 11,443.920 | 10,639.740 |
| Nationality | Dummy (1 saudi; 0 non-saudi) | 0.770 | 0.421 |
| Age | Continuous | 36.514 | 21.090 |
| Gender | Dummy (1 male; 0 female) | 0.525 | 0.499 |
| Marital status | Dummy (1 married; 0 unmarried) | 0.590 | 0.492 |
| Below primary school | Dummy (1 below primary school; 0 otherwise) | 0.200 | 0.400 |
| Primary school | Dummy (1 primary school; 0 otherwise) | 0.139 | 0.346 |
| Intermediate school | Dummy (1 intermediate school; 0 otherwise) | 0.157 | 0.364 |
| Secondary school | Dummy (1 secondary school; 0 otherwise) | 0.308 | 0.462 |
| Higher education | Dummy (1 higher education; 0 otherwise) | 0.196 | 0.397 |
| Health status a | Dummy (1 good; 0 otherwise) | 0.759 | 0.428 |
| Wealth index b | Continuous | 0.026 | 1.768 |
afor health status (subjective health) good comprises good and very good and otherwise (bad) encompasses mediocre, bad, and very bad.
b
Note: the study constructs the wealth index by running PCA on household assets that include energy source, water source, house construction materials, availability of mosquito nets, and type of the housing facility.