TABLE 5.

Marginal effects of the relationship between health insurance and OOP expenditure on health.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Nationality	Saudi	Saudi	Expatriates	Expatriates
Variable	OOP	OOP	OOP	OOP
Income (log)	0.595***	0.402***	0.477***	0.440***
	(0.035)	(0.032)	(0.039)	(0.072)
Insured	−0.347***	−3.630***	−0.487***	−1.093
	(0.039)	(0.550)	(0.074)	(0.756)
Insured*income		0.350***		0.071
		(0.059)		(0.090)
Age	0.007***	0.007***	−0.001	−0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Male	−0.026	−0.036	−0.341***	−0.346***
	(0.041)	(0.041)	(0.064)	(0.064)
Married	−0.102	−0.123***	−0.119*	−0.118
	(0.053)	(0.055)	(0.068)	(0.069)
Primary school	0.236***	0.247***	0.129	0.128
	(0.077)	(0.076)	(0.094)	(0.094)
Intermediate school	0.173***	0.177***	0.149***	0.144*
	(0.068)	(0.068)	(0.074)	(0.075)
Secondary school	0.179***	0.202***	−0.041	−0.043
	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.078)	(0.078)
Higher education	0.223	0.254	−0.133	−0.140
	(0.071)	(0.072)	(0.131)	(0.134)
Health status	−0.102**	−0.091*	−0.279***	−0.262***
	(0.049)	(0.048)	(0.072)	(0.078)
Wealth index	0.011	0.008	0.015	0.009
	(0.013)	(0.013)	(0.021)	(0.022)
Observations	6,666	6,666	1,989	1,989

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Significance levels: ***p <0.01, **p <0.05, *p <0.1.