Figure 1.

MSCs and inflammatory response: dual effect on induction and resolution of the inflammation. In the initial phase of the inflammatory process, MSCs actively participate to neutrophil attraction (IL8, MIF secretion) for anti-bacterial effect and clearance of tissue debris. This initial phase is required to further promote tissue recovery and repair. MSCs also have decisive effects on the switch from this inflammatory phase to its resolution necessary to initiate tissue reconstruction. MSCs thus favor granulocyte recruitments through cytokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL12), induce M2 polarization (PGE2, IDO, TSG6) as well as Th1/Th17 balance.