Figure 2.

Description of the metabolic immuno-mesenchymal axis. Macrophages can be activated to polarize into M1 phenotype driving the inflammatory response upon cell damage or tissue failure. This phenotype is associated with a glycolytic metabolism and the production of multiple inflammatory and oxidative signals detected by MSCs through different way of communication. MSCs react by functional adaptations of their metabolic and immune functions but will basically induce macrophage switch into a M2 phenotype associated with their metabolic reprograming and develop immunosuppressive and regenerative activities.