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. 2021 Apr 15;11(13):6251–6277. doi: 10.7150/thno.57689

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Principal mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer and radioactive iodine (RAI)-refractory in differentiated thyroid cancer. (A) Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. (B) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway. Abbreviations: 4E-BP: 4E-binding protein; DNMT1: DNA methyltransferase 1; mTORC1: mTOR complex 1; mTORC2: mTOR complex 2; P: phosphorylation; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; TERT: telomerase reverse transcriptase. Images were created with BioRender.com.