Table 1.
Characteristics of never users and ever users of vildagliptin in the unmatched original cohort and in the matched cohort.
| Variable | Unmatched cohort | Matched cohort | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never users | Ever users | P value | Never users | Ever users | P value | |||||
| (n = 355610) | (n = 43196) | (n = 40489) | (n = 40489) | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Basic data | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | 59.10 | 9.19 | 58.19 | 9.37 | <0.0001 | 58.43 | 9.63 | 58.16 | 9.36 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 5.26 | 3.47 | 6.02 | 3.61 | <0.0001 | 5.59 | 3.49 | 6.00 | 3.62 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (men) | 160756 | 45.21 | 18769 | 43.45 | <0.0001 | 17854 | 44.10 | 17616 | 43.51 | 0.0918 |
| Occupation | ||||||||||
| I | 149742 | 42.11 | 18650 | 43.18 | <0.0001 | 16854 | 41.63 | 17515 | 43.26 | <0.0001 |
| II | 73458 | 20.66 | 9027 | 20.90 | 8419 | 20.79 | 8499 | 20.99 | ||
| III | 62847 | 17.67 | 7333 | 16.98 | 6962 | 17.19 | 6831 | 16.87 | ||
| IV | 69563 | 19.56 | 8186 | 18.95 | 8254 | 20.39 | 7644 | 18.88 | ||
| Living region | ||||||||||
| Taipei | 114624 | 32.23 | 13080 | 30.28 | <0.0001 | 13146 | 32.47 | 12453 | 30.76 | <0.0001 |
| Northern | 47693 | 13.41 | 5200 | 12.04 | 5480 | 13.53 | 4876 | 12.04 | ||
| Central | 63151 | 17.76 | 11437 | 26.48 | 7286 | 18.00 | 10611 | 26.21 | ||
| Southern | 57087 | 16.05 | 5798 | 13.42 | 6364 | 15.72 | 5369 | 13.26 | ||
| Kao-Ping and Eastern | 73055 | 20.54 | 7681 | 17.78 | 8213 | 20.28 | 7180 | 17.73 | ||
| Major comorbidities | ||||||||||
| Hypertension | 186307 | 52.39 | 23212 | 53.74 | <0.0001 | 21474 | 53.04 | 21383 | 52.81 | 0.5217 |
| Dyslipidemia | 177612 | 49.95 | 22271 | 51.56 | <0.0001 | 20558 | 50.77 | 20537 | 50.72 | 0.8827 |
| Obesity | 10325 | 2.90 | 1407 | 3.26 | <0.0001 | 1215 | 3.00 | 1363 | 3.37 | 0.0031 |
| Diabetes-related complications | ||||||||||
| Nephropathy | 62464 | 17.57 | 8271 | 19.15 | <0.0001 | 7562 | 18.68 | 7735 | 19.10 | 0.1204 |
| Eye disease | 53665 | 15.09 | 7119 | 16.48 | <0.0001 | 6458 | 15.95 | 6684 | 16.51 | 0.0312 |
| Stroke | 65665 | 18.47 | 8569 | 19.84 | <0.0001 | 7895 | 19.50 | 8018 | 19.80 | 0.2767 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 87513 | 24.61 | 11286 | 26.13 | <0.0001 | 10394 | 25.67 | 10466 | 25.85 | 0.5629 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 45352 | 12.75 | 6038 | 13.98 | <0.0001 | 5486 | 13.55 | 5690 | 14.05 | 0.0377 |
| Major risk factors of dementia | ||||||||||
| Head injury | 13719 | 3.86 | 1898 | 4.39 | <0.0001 | 1663 | 4.11 | 1800 | 4.45 | 0.0173 |
| Parkinson’s disease | 11482 | 3.23 | 1574 | 3.64 | <0.0001 | 1354 | 3.34 | 1511 | 3.73 | 0.0028 |
| Hypoglycemia | 40255 | 11.32 | 5389 | 12.48 | <0.0001 | 4729 | 11.68 | 5090 | 12.57 | 0.0001 |
| Encephalitis and/or meningoencephalitis | 657 | 0.18 | 122 | 0.28 | <0.0001 | 76 | 0.19 | 122 | 0.30 | 0.0011 |
| Osteoporosis | 32089 | 9.02 | 4358 | 10.09 | <0.0001 | 3837 | 9.48 | 4115 | 10.16 | 0.0010 |
| Muscular wasting | 3240 | 0.91 | 465 | 1.08 | 0.0007 | 402 | 0.99 | 465 | 1.15 | 0.0315 |
| Accidental falls | 1088 | 0.31 | 176 | 0.41 | 0.0004 | 126 | 0.31 | 176 | 0.43 | 0.0039 |
| Potential risk factors of cancer | ||||||||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 91784 | 25.81 | 11881 | 27.50 | <0.0001 | 10928 | 26.99 | 10982 | 27.12 | 0.6693 |
| Tobacco abuse | 10173 | 2.86 | 1423 | 3.29 | <0.0001 | 1223 | 3.02 | 1369 | 3.38 | 0.0036 |
| Alcohol-related diagnoses | 12699 | 3.57 | 1703 | 3.94 | <0.0001 | 1496 | 3.69 | 1634 | 4.04 | 0.0119 |
| Gallstone | 23425 | 6.59 | 3213 | 7.44 | <0.0001 | 2802 | 6.92 | 3001 | 7.41 | 0.0067 |
| Diseases of the digestive system | 226288 | 63.63 | 28000 | 64.82 | <0.0001 | 26058 | 64.36 | 25675 | 63.41 | 0.0051 |
| Hepatitis B virus infection | 15351 | 4.32 | 2129 | 4.93 | <0.0001 | 1808 | 4.47 | 1808 | 4.47 | 0.0005 |
| Hepatitis C virus infection | 14779 | 4.16 | 1983 | 4.59 | <0.0001 | 1730 | 4.27 | 1885 | 4.66 | 0.0084 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 14651 | 4.12 | 1984 | 4.59 | <0.0001 | 1733 | 4.28 | 1885 | 4.66 | 0.0097 |
| Antidiabetic drugs | ||||||||||
| Sulfonylurea | 85333 | 24.00 | 10738 | 24.86 | <0.0001 | 10258 | 25.34 | 10519 | 25.98 | 0.0357 |
| Metformin | 10738 | 3.02 | 14829 | 34.33 | <0.0001 | 16013 | 39.55 | 14829 | 36.62 | <0.0001 |
| Meglitinide | 8068 | 2.27 | 1182 | 2.74 | <0.0001 | 2490 | 6.15 | 1031 | 2.55 | <0.0001 |
| Acarbose | 12797 | 3.60 | 1754 | 4.06 | <0.0001 | 4018 | 9.92 | 1527 | 3.77 | <0.0001 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 16605 | 4.67 | 1461 | 3.38 | <0.0001 | 4705 | 11.62 | 1275 | 3.15 | <0.0001 |
| Medications commonly used in diabetes patients | ||||||||||
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker | 207170 | 58.26 | 28050 | 64.94 | <0.0001 | 23458 | 57.94 | 26051 | 64.34 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 186126 | 52.34 | 22377 | 51.80 | 0.0350 | 21172 | 52.29 | 20885 | 51.58 | 0.0435 |
| Statin | 230140 | 64.72 | 30442 | 70.47 | <0.0001 | 26078 | 64.41 | 28487 | 70.36 | <0.0001 |
| Fibrate | 99162 | 27.89 | 13790 | 31.92 | <0.0001 | 11624 | 28.71 | 11624 | 28.71 | <0.0001 |
| Aspirin | 117604 | 33.07 | 16909 | 39.14 | <0.0001 | 13520 | 33.39 | 15715 | 38.81 | <0.0001 |
Age and diabetes duration are expressed as mean and standard deviation.