Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with low and high trimethylamine N‐oxide levels
| Low TMAO (n = 73) | High TMAO (n = 73) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 80 [71–83] | 81 [75–86] | 0.10 |
| Female, n (%) | 40 (54.8) | 40 (54.8) | 1.00 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.23 [19.03–23.44] | 21.03 [18.44–23.12] | 0.54 |
| GNRI | 91.44 [86.489–7.85] | 90.84 [85.97–95.30] | 0.45 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122 [110–132] | 115 [107–130] | 0.14 |
| Prior HF hospitalization, n (%) | 10 (13.7) | 21 (28.8) | 0.04 |
| NYHA class I/II/III/IV, n | 0/57/16/0 | 0/60/13/0 | 0.68 |
| Co‐morbidity condition | |||
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 19 (26.0) | 27 (37.0) | 0.21 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 60 (82.2) | 57 (78.1) | 0.68 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 35 (48.6) | 30 (41.7) | 0.50 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 26 (35.6) | 33 (45.2) | 0.31 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 37 (50.7) | 36 (49.3) | 1.00 |
| COPD, n (%) | 4 (5.5) | 7 (9.6) | 0.53 |
| Anaemia, n (%) | 50 (68.5) | 57 (78.1) | 0.26 |
| CKD stage 4–5, n (%) | 8 (11.0) | 28 (38.4) | <0.01 |
| Medication | |||
| ACE‐I/ARB, n (%) | 62 (84.9) | 60 (82.2) | 0.82 |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 57 (78.1) | 55 (75.3) | 0.85 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 64 (87.7) | 69 (94.5) | 0.24 |
| Mineralocorticoid blocker, n (%) | 31 (42.5) | 27 (37.0) | 0.61 |
| Laboratory values | |||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.50 [10.20–12.70] | 11.00 [9.60–11.90] | 0.03 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 139.00 [138.00–142.00] | 140.00 [138.00–142.00] | 0.60 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 22.00 [17.00–26.70] | 37.30 [28.20–52.00] | <0.01 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 55.57 [42.82–73.10] | 32.49 [24.23–45.58] | <0.01 |
| CRP (mg/dL) (n = 145) | 0.16 [0.06–0.53] | 0.23 [0.08–0.54] | 0.44 |
| BNP (pg/mL) (n = 145) | 160.95 [72.28–301.48] | 164.00 [89.80–329.60] | 0.40 |
| TMAO (μmol/L) | 10.39 [6.92–15.58] | 38.34 [27.16–57.79] | <0.01 |
| FC (μmol/L) | 63.60 [52.40–71.70] | 68.80 [58.70–84.70] | 0.01 |
| AC (μmol/L) | 13.30 [11.50–16.30] | 21.00 [15.50–27.50] | <0.01 |
| AC to FC ratio | 0.23 [0.18–0.28] | 0.28 [0.20–0.37] | <0.01 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 125.20 [108.10–148.10] | 120.50 [103.02–145.42] | 0.57 |
| RWT | 0.49 [0.42–0.56] | 0.47 [0.42–0.55] | 0.41 |
| LVEF (%) | 59.80 [55.00–66.00] | 59.10 [54.45–65.00] | 0.36 |
| E' (septal) (cm/s) (n = 140) | 4.20 [3.30–5.10] | 4.10 [3.20–5.20] | 0.81 |
| E/E' (septal) ratio (n = 140) | 17.98 [13.10–24.66] | 19.29 [13.29–23.03] | 0.97 |
| LA volume index (mL/m2) (n = 139) | 55.33 [41.26–71.47] | 58.54 [47.79–77.15] | 0.21 |
| TRPG (mmHg) | 26.00 [19.25–29.00] | 24.00 [20.00–32.00] | 0.74 |
AC, acylcarnitine; ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP; B‐type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C‐reactive protein; E, early diastolic mitral inflow; E', early diastolic annular velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FC, free carnitine; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; HF, heart failure; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; RWT, relative wall thickness; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TMAO, trimethylamine N‐oxide; TRPG, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient.
Data are median and interquartile range.