Table 1.
Characteristics of the endomyocardial biopsy cohort (derivation cohort)
| HFrEF (n = 22) | iCMP (n = 24) | HFpEF (n = 24) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 48.3 ± 15.1 | 45.0 ± 11.4 | 66.1 ± 8.6 a , b |
| Female, n (%) | 8 (36) | 10 (42) | 20 (83) a , b |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 7.2 | 28.7 ± 6.2 | 29.8 ± 4.9 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 119 ± 17 | 124 ± 18 | 148 ± 12 a |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 ± 8 | 79 ± 6 | 81 ± 8 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 72 ± 9 | 76 ± 10 | 70 ± 11 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.91 (0.75–1.02) | 0.86 (0.73–0.99) | 0.89 (0.75–0.97) |
| hsCRP, mg/L (%) | 2.0 (1.1–3.9) b | 7.6 (3.3–10.5) | 3.1 (1.9–6.2) a , b |
| NT‐proBNP (ng/mL) | 1831 (918–3547) b | 1051 (476–2089) | 342 (222–614) a , b |
| NYHA functional class | |||
| NYHA I, n (%) | 0 (0) | 6 (26) | 0 (0) |
| NYHA II, n (%) | 10 (45) | 9 (37) | 20 (83) |
| NYHA III, n (%) | 12 (55) | 9 (37) | 4 (17) |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | 16 (73) | 13 (54) | 24 (100) b |
| Arterial hypertension, n (%) | 11 (50) | 10 (42) | 23 (96) a , b |
| Smoking, n (%) | 4 (18) | 6 (25) | 5 (21) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 5 (23) | 4 (17) | 5 (21) |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 8 (36) | 7 (29) | 21 (88) b |
| Obesity, n (%) | 7 (32) | 8 (33) | 15 (63) |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 4 (18) | 4 (17) | 5 (21) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 5 (23) | 3 (13) | 3 (13) |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 17 (77) | 13 (54) | 18 (75) |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 9 (41) | 6 (25) | 14 (58) |
| Aldosterone antagonist, n (%) | 5 (23) | 3 (13) | 5 (21) |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 14 (64) | 8 (33) | 11 (46) |
| Results of echocardiography | |||
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 30 (22–45) | 43 (27–54) | 61 (52–69) a |
| LV end‐diastolic diameter (mm) | 57 ± 8 | 52 ± 4 | 46 ± 4 |
| LV end‐systolic diameter (mm) | |||
| LA end‐systolic volume index (mL/m2) | 39.9 ± 14.5 | ||
| E/A ratio | |||
| E/E′ mean ratio | |||
| Results of LV endomyocardial biopsy | |||
| Number of CD3‐positive T lymphocytes | 2 (0–3) b | 13 (7–14) | 3 (1–4) b |
| Number of CD68‐positive macrophages | 10 (8–11) b | 30 (24–41) | 10 (7–12) b |
| Viral genome detection, n (%) | 6 (27) b | 13 (54) | 5 (21) b |
| Enhanced MHC class II antigen expression, n (%) | 4 (18) b | 24 (100) | 4 (17) b |
| LV fibrosis (%) | 10.7 ± 6.2 | 13.9 ± 6.4 | 11.4 ± 5.9 |
ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CD, cluster of differentiation; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; iCMP, inflammatory cardiomyopathy; LA, left atrial; LV, left ventricular; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
a
P < 0.05 vs. HFrEF.
b
P < 0.05 vs. iCMP.