Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Total (n = 415) | Without event (n = 337) | With event (n = 78) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66 (57–76) | 65 (55–74) | 72 (63–79) | 0.005 |
| Male sex | 304 (73.3%) | 247 (73.3%) | 57 (73.1%) | 0.969 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 (22.1–26.0) | 24.0 (22.0–26.2) | 24.2 (22.2–25.8) | 0.589 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118 (106–131) | 119 (107–131) | 113 (102–126) | 0.162 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70 (63–79) | 70 (63–79) | 68 (60–76) | 0.384 |
| Heart rate (beat/min) | 84 (70–102) | 85 (71–101) | 79 (63–102) | 0.114 |
| Co‐morbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 132 (31.8%) | 99 (29.4%) | 33 (42.3%) | 0.021 |
| Diabetes | 140 (33.7%) | 103 (30.6%) | 37 (47.4%) | 0.007 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 84 (20.2%) | 64 (19.0%) | 20 (25.6%) | 0.165 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 130 (31.3%) | 92 (27.3%) | 38 (48.7%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 58 (14.0%) | 41 (12.2%) | 17 (21.8%) | 0.023 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 38 (9.2%) | 30 (8.9%) | 8 (10.3%) | 0.678 |
| AF | 122 (29.4%) | 92 (27.3%) | 30 (38.5%) | 0.041 |
| Prior ICD | 36 (8.7%) | 28 (8.3%) | 8 (10.3%) | 0.582 |
| Prior CRT | 24 (5.8%) | 15 (4.5%) | 9 (11.5%) | 0.027 |
| Ischaemic aetiology | 135 (32.5%) | 101 (30.0%) | 34 (43.6%) | 0.016 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 153.0 (125.0–179.0) | 157.0 (129.0–181.8) | 131.5 (107.0–167.0) | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.4 (12.0–14.9) | 13.6 (12.1–15.0) | 12.8 (11.6–14.0) | 0.028 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 19.0 (15.0–25.0) | 18.0 (14.0–23.0) | 22.0 (16.3–30.8) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.059 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 74.4 (54.0–91.1) | 78.5 (56.9–93.9) | 60.4 (40.9–78.9) | <0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 1384.0 (449.7–4524.7) | 1472.2 (439.7–4597.5) | 1316.2 (535.6–3868.3) | 0.561 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| LV‐EDD (mm) | 60.0 (55.0–65.0) | 60.0 (55.0–65.0) | 62.0 (56.0–67.0) | 0.083 |
| LV‐ESD (mm) | 50.0 (45.0–56.7) | 50.0 (44.6–56.0) | 51.5 (46.0–59.0) | 0.041 |
| LV‐EDV (mL) | 156.0 (123.0–196.0) | 154.0 (120.0–196.0) | 170.5 (130.0–200.8) | 0.136 |
| LV‐EDV index (mL/m2) | 90.9 (72.0–112.3) | 89.8 (70.4–110.5) | 100.6 (76.4–121.4) | 0.016 |
| LV‐ESV (ml) | 113.0 (85.0–146.0) | 110.0 (84.0–145.2) | 122.5 (93.5–154.5) | 0.125 |
| LV‐ESV index (mL/m2) | 65.2 (50.5–83.9) | 63.2 (48.6–81.6) | 74.5 (54.0–89.4) | 0.019 |
| LV‐EF (%) | 27.8 (22.9–33.1) | 28.1 (23.1–33.3) | 26.2 (21.7–32.6) | 0.156 |
| LV‐MI (g/m2) | 136.6 (113.6–163.7) | 134.3 (111.9–160.3) | 141.6 (123.3–176.4) | 0.026 |
| Mitral inflow E velocity (m/s) | 0.78 (0.56–1.02) | 0.74 (0.53–1.00) | 0.91 (0.70–1.06) | 0.002 |
| Septal mitral annulus s′ velocity (cm/s) | 4.4 (3.6–5.3) | 4.6 (3.6–5.4) | 4.1 (3.5–5.0) | 0.029 |
| Septal mitral annulus e′ velocity (cm/s) | 4.5 (3.5–5.7) | 4.6 (3.6–5.8) | 4.1 (3.2–5.4) | 0.002 |
| E/e′ ratio | 15.9 (11.3–24.1) | 15.2 (11.0–22.7) | 19.8 (13.4–29.3) | <0.001 |
| LA dimension (mm) | 44.0 (38.0–49.0) | 43.0 (38.0–48.0) | 46.0 (41.0–51.8) | 0.014 |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 54.4 (43.0–71.6) | 52.7 (41.5–69.3) | 64.7 (51.4–82.2) | 0.002 |
| TR Vmax (m/s) | 2.6 (2.3–3.1) | 2.5 (2.2–3.0) | 3.0 (2.7–3.6) | <0.001 |
| PASP (mmHg) | 32.0 (26.2–43.7) | 30.0 (24.4–41.1) | 44.8 (34.2–60.3) | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||
| Use of BB | 401 (96.6%) | 331 (97.9%) | 70 (90.9%) | 0.213 |
| Use of MRA | 247 (59.5%) | 196 (58.0%) | 51 (66.2%) | 0.183 |
| Use of ivabradine | 160 (38.6%) | 131 (38.8%) | 29 (37.7%) | 0.859 |
| Use of diuretics | 330 (79.5%) | 266 (78.9%) | 64 (82.1%) | 0.538 |
| Events | ||||
| Cardiovascular death | 15 (3.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 15 (19.2%) | N/A |
| HHF | 71 (17.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 71 (91.0%) | N/A |
| Follow‐up duration (months) | 19.1 (10.9–27.6) | 21.6 (14.8–29.2) | 5.1 (1.5–12.1) | <0.001 |
Values are given as the median with interquartile range or as a number (percentage).
AF, atrial fibrillation; BB, beta‐blockers; BMI, body‐mass index; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; EDD, end‐diastolic dimension; EDV, end‐diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; ESD, end‐systolic dimension; ESV, end‐systolic volume; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HHF, hospitalization for heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LA, left atrium; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LV, left ventricular; MI, mass index; MRA, mineralocorticoid antagonists; N/A, not applicable; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.