Table 1.
characteristics of elderly subjects with T2DM according to coffee consumption subgroups, Isfahan, Iran, 2017
| Characteristics † | Coffee intake (cups/day) | P value * | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 1 | 1–3 | > 3 | Total | |||
| No. of patients, n (%) | 83 (27.7) | 141 (47) | 76 (25.3) | 300 (100) | ||
| Age (year) | 69.67 ± 4.87 | 70.02 ± 5.12 | 70.48 ± 4.37 | 70.04 ± 4.87 | 0.576α | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.78 ± 3.23 | 24.93 ± 3.42 | 24.35 ± 3.33 | 24.74 ± 3.34 | 0.471α | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 96.65 ± 4.91 | 96.30 ± 5.17 | 97.14 ± 6.24 | 96.61 ± 5.39 | 0.425c | |
| Sex, n (%) | Men | 36 (43.4) | 68 (48.2) | 31 (40.8) | 135 (45) | 0.541b |
| Women | 47 (56.6) | 73 (51.8) | 45 (59.2) | 165 (55) | ||
| Physical activity level, n (%) | Low | 60 (72.3) | 103 (73) | 51 (67.1) | 214 (71.3) | 0.641b |
| Moderate/High | 23 (27.7) | 38 (27) | 25 (32.9) | 86 (28.7) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%) | Non smoker | 76 (96.1) | 131 (92.9) | 73 (96.1) | 280 (93.3) | 0.478b |
| Current smoker | 7 (8.4) | 10 (7.1) | 3 (3.9) | 20 (6.7) | ||
| Educational level, n (%) | ≥ Primary school | 34 (41) | 73 (51.8) | 47 (61.8) | 154 (51.3) | 0.030b |
| < Primary school | 49 n | 68 (48.2) | 29 (38.2) | 146 (48.7) | ||
| Drug uses, n (%) | No | 62 (74.7) | 102 (72.3) | 53 (69.7) | 217 (72.3) | 0.784b |
| Yes | 21 (25.3) | 39 (27.7) | 23 (30.3) | 83 (27.7) | ||
| Diseases history €, n (%) | No | 48 (57.8) | 87 (61.7) | 47 (61.8) | 182 (60.7) | 0.825b |
| Yes | 35 (42.2) | 54 (38.3) | 29 (38.2) | 118 (39.3) | ||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) © | 2100.28 (804.19) | 2130.0 (734.08) | 2009.03 (884.9) | 2153.33 (728.02) | 0.280α | |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 157 ± 12.98 | 151.52 ± 12.18 | 151.09 ± 13.70 | 152.93 ± 13.01 | 0.015c | |
| TG (mg/dL) | 147.07 ± 22.67 | 140.42 ± 22.94 | 147.57 ± 22.98 | 144.07 ± 23.06 | 0.036α | |
| TC (mg/dL) | 180.51 ± 15.70 | 181.03 ± 15.83 | 180.87 ± 15.73 | 180.85 ± 5.72 | 0.972α | |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 96.36 ± 15.03 | 94.55 ± 15.06 | 96.11 ± 15 | 95.44 ± 15.01 | 0.620α | |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 47.73 ± 7.30 | 47.46 ± 6.93 | 49.92 ± 6.10 | 48.16 ± 6.89 | 0.034α | |
| Homocysteine (µmol/L) | 12.46 ± 2.89 | 12.42 ± 2.95 | 12.57 ± 3.52 | 12.47 ± 3.08 | 0.944α | |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 122.28 ± 9.88 | 125.05 ± 9.85 | 122.42 ± 10.32 | 123.62 ± 10.03 | 0.068α | |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 78.28 ± 10.16 | 77.11 ± 9.99 | 73.78 ± 10.02 | 76.59 ± 10.15 | 0.014α | |
T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-c: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure. a One-way ANOVA test; b Chi-square test; c Kruskall-Wallis test
€ Except for type 2 diabetes mellitus; †All values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and number (percent) (except for energy intake). © expressed as median (IQR). *P value < 0.05 considered as significant level