Table 2.
Imaging modalities (Chest X-ray and Point-of-Care Ultrasound) findings of patients included (N = 96), with or without positive test on RT-PCR. RT-PCR not performed in 7 patients.
| Imaging modalities | TOTAL (%) | RT-PCR+ (N = 54) | RT-PCR− or indeterminate (N = 35) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chest X-ray | 95 (99) | 53 (98.1) | 35 (100) | |
| Normal – (%) | 27 (28.4) | 6 (11.1) | 11 (31.4) | 0.019 |
| Ground-Glass Opacity (GGO) – (%) | 37 (38.9) | 23 (42.6) | 14 (40.0) | 0.752 |
| Interstitial Pattern – (%) | 53 (56.4) | 37 (68.5) | 14 (40.0) | 0.008 |
| Unilobar – (%) | 11 (11.6) | 7 (12.9) | 3 (8.6) | 0.112 |
| Multilobar – (%) | 7 (7.4) | 4 (7.4) | 3 (8.6) | 0.112 |
| Bilateral – (%) | 50 (52.7) | 34 (52.7) | 16 (45.7) | 0.112 |
| Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) results | 96 (100) | 54 (100) | 35 (100) | |
| Normal – N (%) | 6 (6.2) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (5.7) | 0.324 |
| Left pleural effusion – N (%) | 15 (15.6) | 5 (9.3) | 10 (28.6) | 0.017 |
| Right pleural effusion – N (%) | 12 (12.5) | 6 (11.1) | 6 (17.1) | 0.416 |
| Bilateral isolated B-lines – N (%) | 51 (53.1) | 34 (63.0) | 17 (48.6) | 0.180 |
| Isolated B-lines – # affected areas (SD) | 2.5 (2.2) | 3.0 (2.2) | 2.1 (2.2) | 0.648 |
| Bilateral Confluent B-lines – N (%) | 53 (55.2) | 38 (70.4) | 15 (42.9) | 0.010 |
| Confluent B-lines – # affected areas (SD) | 3.3 (3.2) | 3.9 (2.9) | 3.1 (2.2) | 0.185 |
| Bilateral Irregular Pleural Line – N (%) | 61 (63.2) | 38 (70.4) | 22 (62.9) | 0.460 |
| Irregular pleural line – # affected areas (SD) | 3.5 (2.6) | 3.8 (2.3) | 3.6 (3.1) | 0.073 |
| Bilateral Small Consolidations – N (%) | 42 (43.8) | 25 (46.3) | 17 (48.6) | 0.834 |
| Small consolidations – # affected areas (SD) | 2.3 (2.4) | 2.2 (2.4) | 2.8 (2.5) | 0.527 |
| Pneumonia (lobar consolidation) – N (%) | 13 (13.5) | 10 (18.5) | 3 (8.6) | 0.194 |
| Low Ejection Fraction – N (%) | 10 (10.4) | 5 (9.3) | 5 (14.3) | 0.463 |
| Ventricular Dilation – N (%) | 5 (5.2) | 1 (1.9) | 4 (11.4) | 0.55 |
| Atrial dilation – N (%) | 20 (20.8) | 12 (22.2) | 8 (22.9) | 0.94 |
| Ventricular hypertrophy – N (%) | 21 (21.9) | 10 (18.5) | 11 (31.4) | 0.161 |
| Right overload – N (%) | 12 (12.5) | 8 (14.8) | 4 (11.4) | 0.648 |
| Valvulopathy – N (%) | 36 (37.5) | 21 (38.9) | 15 (42.9) | 0.709 |
| Pericardial effusion – N (%) | 16 (16.7) | 10 (18.5) | 6 (17.1) | 0.869 |
| IVC max (mm) (SD) | 14.1 (6.4) | 13.7 (6.3) | 14.1 (6.9) | 0.320 |
| IVC min (mm) (SD) | 6.8 (6.2) | 6.3 (5.9) | 7.4 (7.1) | 0.045 |
| Lung POCUS total findingsa (SD) | 3.3 (1.4) | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.4) | 0.165 |
| Change/Amendment to diagnosis – N (%) after POCUS | 18 (18.8) | 11 (20.4) | 7 (20.0) | 0.966 |
| Acute pericarditis – N (%) | 4 (4.2) | 4 (7.5) | 0 (0) | 0.152 |
| Decompensated heart failure – N (%) | 4 (4.2) | 1 (1.9) | 3 (8.6) | 0.135 |
| Bacterial superinfection – N (%) | 7 (7.3) | 3 (5.6) | 4 (11.4) | 0.315 |
| PE/DVT – N (%) | 3 (3.1) | 3 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 0.276 |
DVT: deep vein thrombosis; GGO: Ground-Glass Opacity; IVC: inferior vena cava; pulmonary embolism; POCUS: point-of-care ultrasonography; SD: standard deviation.
a
Lung POCUS total findings: pleural effusion, isolated B lines, confluent B lines, irregular pleural line, small consolidation, lobar consolidation.