. 2020 Nov 3;23(2):324–337. doi: 10.1111/dom.14219

TABLE 3.

Changes in dietary intake during the intervention ^a

Outcome	Group	0 weeks (n = 1822)	26 weeks (n = 1292)	52 weeks (n = 1080)	104 weeks (n = 889)	156 weeks (n = 833)	P‐value for diet x time interaction	P‐value for diet main effect	P‐value for time main effect
Glycaemic index	HP	56.3 ± 0.2 ^a	51.2 ± 0.3 ^b	51.0 ± 0.4 ^b	51.7 ± 0.4 ^b	51.6 ± 0.5 ^b	<.00001	<.00001	<.00001
Glycaemic index	MP	56.5 ± 0.2 ^a	55.9 ± 0.3 ^ac	54.8 ± 0.4 ^d	55.2 ± 0.4 ^cd	54.9 ± 0.4 ^d
Glycaemic load	HP	119.3 ± 1.5 ^a	82.5 ± 1.3 ^b	82.8 ± 1.4 ^b	81.4 ± 1.5 ^b	79.7 ± 1.5 ^b	<.00001	<.00001	<.00001
Glycaemic load	MP	119.0 ± 1.5 ^a	98.7 ± 1.5 ^c	95.5 ± 1.6 ^cd	94.3 ± 1.8 ^cd	93.3 ± 1.9 ^d
Protein, E%	HP	17.9 ± 0.1 ^a	22.4 ± 0.2 ^b	22.0 ± 0.2 ^bd	21.6 ± 0.2 ^de	21.2 ± 0.2 ^e	<.00001	<.00001	<.00001
Protein, E%	MP	17.7 ± 0.1 ^a	18.9 ± 0.1 ^c	18.6 ± 0.2 ^c	18.8 ± 0.2 ^c	18.9 ± 0.2 ^c
Carbohydrate, E%	HP	40.1 ± 0.2 ^a	37.7 ± 0.3 ^b	37.8 ± 0.3 ^b	37.7 ± 0.4 ^b	37.8 ± 0.4 ^b	<.00001	<.00001	.00158
Carbohydrate, E%	MP	40.1 ± 0.2 ^a	42.9 ± 0.3 ^c	42.9 ± 0.4 ^c	42.2 ± 0.4 ^cd	41.4 ± 0.4 ^d
Fat, E%	HP	36.6 ± 0.2 ^ab	34.0 ± 0.3 ^cd	34.8 ± 0.3 ^cf	35.0 ± 0.3 ^f	35.0 ± 0.3 ^bf	<.00001	<.00001	<.00001
Fat, E%	MP	37.3 ± 0.2 ^a	32.7 ± 0.3 ^e	33.1 ± 0.3 ^eg	33.7 ± 0.3 ^dg	34.3 ± 0.3 ^cd
Protein, g	HP	93 ± 1 ^a	93 ± 1 ^a	92 ± 1 ^a	88 ± 1 ^c	85 ± 1 ^c	<.00001	<.00001	<.00001
Protein, g	MP	91 ± 1 ^a	76 ± 1 ^b	74 ± 1 ^b	74 ± 1 ^b	76 ± 1 ^b
Carbohydrate, g	HP	211 ± 2 ^a	159 ± 2 ^bc	161 ± 2 ^be	155 ± 2 ^bc	153 ± 2 ^c	<.00001	<.00001	<.00001
Carbohydrate, g	MP	210 ± 2 ^a	175 ± 2 ^d	174 ± 3 ^df	169 ± 3 ^def	168 ± 3 ^bef
Fat, g	HP	87 ± 1 ^a	64 ± 1 ^bcd	66 ± 1 ^b	65 ± 1 ^bc	64 ± 1 ^bcd	<.00001	<.00001	<.00001
Fat, g	MP	87 ± 1 ^a	60 ± 1 ^e	60 ± 1 ^e	61 ± 1 ^de	63 ± 1 ^cde
Energy, kJ	HP	8811 ± 90 ^a	7052 ± 76 ^bc	7126 ± 95 ^c	6919 ± 99 ^bcd	6788 ± 89 ^bd	.00506	.00433	<.00001
Energy, kJ	MP	8751 ± 91 ^a	6829 ± 80 ^bd	6771 ± 88 ^d	6711 ± 91 ^bd	6810 ± 105 ^bd
Fibre, g	HP	22.4 ± 0.3 ^ab	22.5 ± 0.3 ^ab	23.3 ± 0.4 ^ab	21.8 ± 0.4 ^cd	21.7 ± 0.4 ^d	.0056	.05723	<.00001
Fibre, g	MP	21.8 ± 0.3 ^ab	22.8 ± 0.3 ^a	22.7 ± 0.3 ^ab	22.1 ± 0.4 ^abc	22.2 ± 0.4 ^bcd

Abbreviations: HP, high protein diet; MP, moderate protein diet.

^{^a}

From four‐day dietary records. Unadjusted means ± SE. Changes in continuous secondary outcomes from 8 to 156 weeks analysed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) linear mixed model, including two‐way interaction between diet and time adjusted for baseline values (0 weeks), age and gender (fixed effects), and participant ID and intervention centre (random effects). For significant main effects and interactions, pairwise comparison are presented with superscript letters ^a‐g, where means with differing superscript letters are significantly different (P < .05, single step‐adjusted).