Table 1.
Study characteristics table
| References | Study type | Type of procedure/groups | Site of procedure | No. of patients | Follow-up | Evaluated criteria | Use of analgesics | Effect of PBM on Healing | Effect of PBM on pain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kohale et al. [20] | Split-mouth |
Gingival enlargement; gingivectomy G1: Gingivectomy with LLLT G2: Gingivectomy without LLLT |
Maxillary and mandibular anterior region (bilaterally symmetrical) |
G1:40 G2:40 |
Days 3, 7, 30 |
Surface epithelialization: staining with methylene blue Pain: Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Healing Index scores (HI) |
In case of pain; any medication if required | Enhanced wound healing | Reduced post-operative pain and discomfort |
| Vieira et al. [40] | Parallel |
Free gingival grafting; palate donor site G1: Application of LED laser on donor site G2: No additional treatment |
NM |
G1:5 G2:5 |
days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, and 21 |
Wound healing by peroxide test Pain: VAS |
Paracetamol 500 mg (if necessary) | Enhanced wound healing | Reduced post-operative pain and discomfort |
| Lingamaneni et al. [42] | Split‑mouth |
G1: Gingivectomy/Gingivoplasty + Diode laser G2: Gingivectomy/Gingivoplasty |
Bulbous or over contoured gingiva in either of the jaws with a minimum of six teeth affected |
G1:10 G2:10 |
Days 3, 7, 14 |
Healing index by Landry et al Complete epithelialization; staining by a plaque‑disclosing agent (2‑Tone disclosing tablets, Young, USA) |
Ibuprofen (in case of pain; but not more than thrice a day.) | Enhanced wound healing | Not Examined |
| Heidari et al. [19] | Split-mouth |
Free gingival grafting; palate donor site G1: Donor site received diode laser G2: Donor site received placebo laser therapy |
Palate |
G1:12 G2:12 |
Epithelialization of donor site: days 7, 14, 21, and 30 VAS: in the day of surgery, then every day until day 12 |
Epithelialization of donor site Clinical Healing (CH), NSAID intake Pain: VAS |
Gelofen 400 mg (Jaber EbneHayan, Iran) | Enhanced wound healing | No effect on post-operative pain |
| Ustaoglu et al. [17] | Parallel |
Free gingival grafting; palate donor site G1: PBM of donor site G2: Sham laser application |
Palate; canine to the first molar |
G1:20 G2:20 |
Days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 |
Epithelialization: H2O2 bubbling test Wound Healing Index: WHI Pain: VAS Bleeding, palatal tissue consistency, color match, tissue thickness Number of analgesics |
Paracetamol 500 mg (if needed) | Enhanced wound healing | Not Examined |
| Chawla et al. [44] | Split-mouth |
Depigmentation G1: Surgical Stripping + LLLT G2: Surgical Stripping |
Sites extending from right canine to the midline and left canine to the midline of the maxilla or mandible |
G1:15 G2:15 |
Days 3, 7, and15 |
Wound healing: erythrosine solution Pain: VAS |
Paracetamol 500 mg (in case of pain; continued maximum for 2 days.) | Enhanced wound healing | No effect on post-operative pain |
| Keskiner et al. [43] | Parallel |
Free gingival grafting; palate donor site G1: PBM on donor site G2: PBM sham on donor site |
Palate; canine to the first molar |
G1:15 G2:15 |
days 7, and 12 | TGF-b1, PDGF-BB, and IL-8 levels | NM | Enhanced wound healing | Not Examined |
| Ozcelik et al. [41] | Split-mouth |
Gingival hyperplasia; Gingivectomy and gingivoplasty G1: Adjunctive LLLT in one side G2: No additional treatment |
Gingiva at the maxillary or mandibular anterior region |
G1:20 G2:20 |
days 1, 3, 7, and 15 |
Wound healing: disclosing solution (Mira-2-tone, GMBH & Co., Duisburg, Germany) Swelling, bleeding, edema, plaque |
Naproxen sodium | Enhanced wound healing | Not Examined |
| Amorim et al. [30] | Split-mouth |
Gingivectomy G1: Adjunctive LLLT in one side G2: No additional treatment on the other side |
Bilateral mandibular and maxillary bicuspid teeth |
G1:20 G2:20 |
Immediately post-operative and at days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 |
Wound healing examined by three periodontists Attached gingiva, probing depth, keratinized gingiva |
NM | Enhanced wound healing | Not Examined |
| Isler et al. [34] | Parallel |
Free gingival grafting; palate donor site G1: Diode laser PBM G2: Ozone therapy G3: Neither PBM nor ozone therapy |
Palate |
G1:12 G2:12 G3:12 |
Days 1, 2, 3, 7, 15, and 30 |
Wound healing: 3% hydrogen peroxide Pain: VAS |
Flurbiprofen 100 mg tablets (Majezik; Sanovel, Istanbul, Turkey) (in case of pain; up to thrice a day for a week) | No significant improvement | Reduced post-operative pain and discomfort |
| Damante et al. [32] | Split-mouth |
Gingivoplasty G1: Diode laser LLLT G2: No irradiation |
Keratinized mucosa regions of teeth 11, 12, and 13 or 41, 42, and 43 |
G1:16 G2:16 |
days 7, 14, 21, and 60 | Incisional biopsies: morphometric analysis of the gingival epithelial and connective tissue | NM | No significant improvement | Not Examined |
| Damante et al. [33] | Split-mouth |
Gingivoplasty G1: Diode laser LLLT G2: No irradiation |
Keratinized mucosa regions of teeth 11, 12, and 13 or 41, 42, and 43 |
G1:11 G2:11 |
Days 7, 15, 21, 30, and 60 | Gingival color, texture, and contour | NM | No significant improvement | Not Examined |
LLLT low-level laser therapy, NM not mentioned, G group, PBM photobiomodulation