Table 2.

Laser characteristics table

References	Type of laser	Wavelength (nm)	Mode	Output power (W)	Total exposure time (s) (n × t) Exposure time per point/session	Total energy (J)	Beam diameter (µm-mm)/Probe spot size (cm2)	Energy density (J/cm2)	Distance to intervention site	Method of application	Frequency of laser treatment/Number of irradiation sessions
Kohale et al. [20]	Diode InGaAsP (Biolase—iLase‑7400040‑0XX)	940	Continuous	0.1	360 (120 × 3) (40 per point × 3 points 120 s in each session)	12	1 cm2	4 per teeth (3 points)	1–2 cm	In a circular motion 3 points were irradiated in each session 1cm2 area over each tooth	Instantly post-surgery, 3, and  7 days later/3
Vieira et al. [40]	LED (details not mentioned.)	650	NM	5	NM	NM	NM	4 per point (2 points)	NM	A biostimulation probe was used on the surgical site	Instantly post-surgery, 48 h, and 72 h later/3
Lingamaneni et al. [42]	Diode (λ = 810 nm Picasso diode laser, AMD lasers, Indianapolis, USA)	810	Continuous	0.1	1200 (4 × 300) 300	120	NM	NM	Noncontact (not mentioned the value)	Test site was exposed with a diode laser at a  power of 0.1 W; used in a continuous wave, non-contact mode	Instantly post-surgery, 7, and 14 days later/4
Heidari et al. [19]	Diode (THOR® Laser, London, UK)	660	Continuous	0.2	160 (5 × 32) 32	32	5 mm	4 per point (8 points)	Slight contact	The laser was directed vertically with minor contact with the intervention site	Instantly post-surgery, 1, 2, 4 and 7 days later/5
Ustaoglu et al. [17]	Diode GaAlAs (Calibrated by Ezlase; Biolase_ Technology, Inc., _Istanbul, Turkey)	940	Continuous, the pulse interval size was 0.10 ms, and the pulse length was 0.05 ms	3	32 (4 × 8) 8	Total applied energy was 24 J (energy over the actual wound area was 7.2 J)	2.8 cm2	8.6	1 mm	The handpiece was situated vertically at a distance of 1 mm at the top of the intervention area	4 times (48 h interval)
Chawla et al. [44]	Diode (Details not mentioned)	810	Continuous	1	1200 (4 × 300)	1200	NM	NM	1 mm	To avoid the scattering of the beam to the contrary side, stents were prepared prior to the operation using putty impression material to conceal the control sites during the PBM procedure	LLLT procedure was repeated each day until the 7th day
Keskiner et al. [43]	Nd:YAG (Fotona Fidelis III, Ljubljana, Slovenia)	1064	Continuous	0.25	50 (5 × 10)	12	0.28cm2	1.6 per point (5 points)	1 cm	A biostimulation probe was used on the surgical site	Instantly post-surgery, first, second, third, and fourth days later/5
Ozcelik et al. [41]	Diode (ULOCKS, VSMA Lab, Voronezh, Russia)	588	Continuous	0.12	2400 (8 × 300)	288	NM	4	Contact	PBM was used on one side of the surgical area with minor contact	Instantly post-surgery, and daily for 7 days/8
Amorim et al. [30]	Diode (Model IR 500; Laser Beam, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)	685	Continuous	0.05	320 (4 × 80)	16	2 mm	4	Contact	The irradiation was made while holding the delivery tip perpendicular to the tissue surface	Instantly post-surgery, 24 h, 3rd, and 7th days/4
Isler et al. [34]	Diode ( λ = 970 ± 15 nm, 14 W source power; SIRO Laser Xtend, Sirona Dental Systems GmbH, Bensheim, Germany)	970	Continuous	2	120 (4 × 30) 30	240	4 mm	5.25 per point (5 points)	1 mm	A biostimulation probe was used on the test site	Instantly post-surgery, 1, 3, and 7 days later/4
Damante et al. [32]	Diode GaAlAs	670	NM	0.015	NM	NM	4 mm	4 per point (3 points)	Contact	Diode laser was used in the punctual mode with slight contact to three points	Every 48 h for 1 week, for a total of four sessions/4
Damante et al. [33]	Diode GaAlAs	670	NM	NM	NM	NM	4 mm	4 per point (3 points)	Contact	Diode laser was used in the punctual mode with slight contact to three points	Every 48 h for 1 week, for a total of four sessions/4

NM not mentioned, nm nanometer, W watt, s seconds, n number, t times, J joules, µm micrometer, cm² square centimeter, mm millimeter, LED light-emitting diode, LLLT low-level laser therapy, PBM photobiomodulation