Table 2.
HLD induced cancer along with target pathways in different human and animal models.
| Target organ | Target pathway | Cancer | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Liver | Activation of Lymphotoxin-β receptor, lymphocytes, canonical NF-kB signaling pathway. | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [217] |
| 2. Mammary gland | TGF-β1/SMAD3/miR-130 negative-feedback loop via down regulation of miR-140. | Breast cancer | [218] |
| 3. Stomach | Activation of β-catenin, leptin and PI3K signaling pathway. | Gastric cancer | [161,219] |
| 4. Intestine | Activation of PPARδ/β-catenin, inhibition of nuclear bile acid activated receptor (BAR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling pathway. | Intestinal cancer | [220,221,222,223,224] |
| 5. Pancreas | i. Activation of CCK-receptor pathway, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), Kras and its downstream pathways including phospho-ERK, TNF-1 signaling. ii. Mutation in PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway. |
Pancreatic cancer | i. [225,226,227,228] ii. [226,229] |
| 6. Prostate | i. Activation of IL6/pSTAT3 signaling, growth factor signaling (e.g., IGF-I/PI3K/AKT signaling cascade). ii. Pml and SREBP-supported altered and de novo lipogenesis. iii. Activation of inflammatory pathways via cytokine, chemokines storm and MCP-1/CCR2 pathway. iv. Modulation of endocrine pathways. |
Prostate cancer | i.[230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237] ii.[234,238] iii.[239,240,241,234] iv.[242,243,234] |