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. 2021 Apr 9;9:630055. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.630055

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Copyright © 2021 Khan, Mir, Ngowi, Zafar, Khakwani, Khattak, Zhai, Jiang, Zheng, Duan, Wei, Wu and Ji.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The role of nanoparticles in overcoming the BBB for efficient delivery of therapeutic moieties to treat AD. (A) Image of human brain. (B) Components of the BBB. (C) Functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) for imaging and targeted drug delivery to the AD brain. (D) Different pathways of transport (a–e) across BBB utilized by functionalized NPs. (a) Transport of NPs through cellular transport proteins; (b) transport of NPs through tight junctions; (c) transport of NPs via receptor-mediated transcytosis; (d) transport of NPs via transcellular pathway following diffusion, specifically adopted by gold NPs; (e) transport of cationic NPs and liposomes via adsorption-mediated transcytosis. (E) Effect of functionalized NPs in treating AD via the degradation of tau aggregates and efflux of Aβ fibrils after getting solubilized by the NPs. AD: Alzheimer’s disease; NPs: Nanoparticles; BBB: Blood–brain barrier.