2. Primary outcomes: scales used.

Outcomes	Number of studies	Studies and instruments
Resilience	21	Bernburg 2019: Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) (Sinclair 2004) Chesak 2015: Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC) (Connor 2003) Cheung 2014: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003) Cieslak 2016: Posttraumatic Growth Inventory‐Short form (Cann 2010) Khoshnazary 2016: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003) Klatt 2015: CD‐RISC‐10 (Connor 2003) Lebares 2018: Block Ego‐Resilience scale (Huey 1997; Moffitt 2011) Lin 2019: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003; Yu 2007) Loiselle 2018: Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) (Smith 2008) Mache 2015a: BRCS (Sinclair 2004) Mache 2015b: BRCS (Sinclair 2004) Mache 2016: BRCS (Sinclair 2004) Mache 2017: BRCS (Sinclair 2004) Mealer 2014: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003) Schroeder 2016: BRS (Smith 2008) Smith 2019: CD‐RISC‐10 (Campbell‐Sills 2007) Sood 2011: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003) Sood 2014: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003) Wild 2016: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003) ISRCTN69644721: statements about resilience with Likert response options (reference not specified) NCT03645798: CD‐RISC (Connor 2003; Yu 2007)
Anxiety	12	Calder Calisi 2017: State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger 1970) Chesak 2015: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7‐item scale (GAD‐7) (Spitzer 2006) Mealer 2014: anxiety subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (Zigmond 1983) Medisauskaite 2019: GAD‐7 (Spitzer 2006) Mistretta 2018: anxiety subscale of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS‐21) (Lovibond 1995) Sood 2011: Smith Anxiety Scale (SAS) (Smith 2007) Sood 2014: SAS (Piiparinen 2003; Smith 1990; Smith 1993; Smith 2007) Stetz 2007: anxiety subscale Multiple Affect Adjective Check List‐Revised (MAACL‐R) (Zuckerman 1965) Varker 2012: anxiety subscale of DASS‐21 (Lovibond 1995) Villani 2013: STAI (Spielberger 1970) Wild 2016: GAD‐7 (Spitzer 2006) ISRCTN69644721: GAD‐7 (Spitzer 2006)
Depression	24	Alexander 2015: burnout ‐ burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, personal accomplishment) Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) (Maslach 1986) Berger 2011: burnout ‐ burnout subscale of Professional Quality of Life scale (ProQOL) (Stamm 2005) Calder Calisi 2017: depression ‐ VAS/Semantic differential scales (Friborg 2006) Cieslak 2016: burnout ‐ Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (Demerouti 2003) Clemow 2018a: burnout ‐ burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment) MBI (Maslach 1996); depression ‐ Centers for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale (CES‐D) (Radloff 1977) Duchemin 2015: burnout – burnout subscale of ProQOL (Stamm 2005); burnout ‐ burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment) MBI (Maslach 1996) Ireland 2017: burnout ‐ Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (Kristensen 2005b) Lebares 2018a: burnout ‐ abbreviated MBI (aMBI) (McManus 2002); depression ‐ Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) (Kroenke 2001) Loiselle 2018a: burnout ‐ MBI subscale for health professionals (Raffety 1986); depression ‐ Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) (Beck 1996) Luthar 2017a: burnout ‐ burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment) Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) (Maslach 1996); depression ‐ BDI (Beck 1972) Mache 2017: burnout (emotional exhaustion) ‐ Emotional exhaustion (EE subscale) MBI (Schaufeli 1996) Mealer 2014a: burnout ‐ burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment) MBI (Maslach 1996); depression ‐ depression subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (Zigmond 1983) Medisauskaite 2019: burnout ‐ burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment) MBI‐Human Services Survey (Maslach 1981) Mistretta 2018a: burnout ‐ burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment) MBI‐Human Services Survey (Maslach 1996); depression subscale of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS‐21) (Lovibond 1995) Schroeder 2016: burnout ‐ burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment) Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach 1996) Smith 2019: burnout ‐ burnout subscale of ProQOL5 (Stamm 2005) Stetz 2007: depression subscale MAACL‐R (Zuckerman 1965) Varker 2012: depression subscale of DASS‐21 (Lovibond 1995) West 2014b: depression ‐ dichotomous 2‐item PRME‐MD depression screen (Spitzer 1994; Whooley 1997); burnout ‐ burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization) and overall burnout of MBI (Maslach 1996) West 2015b: depression ‐ dichotomous 2‐item PRME‐MD depression screen (Spitzer 1994; Whooley 1997); burnout ‐ burnout subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment) and overall burnout of MBI (Maslach 1996) Wild 2016: PHQ‐9 (Kroenke 2001) ISRCTN69644721: PHQ‐9 (Kroenke 2001) NCT02603133c: burnout ‐ emotional exhaustion MBI (Maslach 1996); depression ‐ CES‐D‐10 (Andresen 1994) NCT03645798: burnout ‐ MBI‐General survey (Li 2003; Maslach 1981; Schaufeli 1996)
Stress or stress perception	22	Bernburg 2016: perceived stress ‐ Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) (Levenstein 1993) Bernburg 2019: perceived stress ‐ PSQ (Levenstein 1993) Calder Calisi 2017: work‐related stress ‐ VAS/Semantic differential scales (Friborg 2006) Chesak 2015: perceived stress ‐ Perceived Stress Scale‐14 (PSS‐14) (Cohen 1983b) Duchemin 2015: stress ‐ stress subscale of DASS‐21 (Lovibond 1995); perceived stress ‐PSS‐14 (Cohen 1983b) Fei 2019: perceived stress ‐ Chinese version of Perceived Stress Scale (Yang 2007) Ireland 2017: perceived stress ‐ Perceived Stress Scale‐10 (PSS‐10) (Cohen 1988a) Lebares 2018: perceived stress ‐ PSS‐10 (Cohen 1988a) Lin 2019: perceived stress ‐ PSS‐14 (Cohen 1983b) Loiselle 2018: perceived stress ‐ PSS‐10 (Cohen 1988a) Luthar 2017: Parenting Stress Inventory (Abidin 1990) Mache 2015a: perceived stress ‐ PSQ (Levenstein 1993) Mache 2015b: perceived stress ‐ PSQ (Levenstein 1993) Mache 2016: perceived stress ‐ PSQ (Levenstein 1993) Mache 2017: perceived stress ‐ PSQ (Levenstein 1993) Mistretta 2018: stress ‐ stress subscale of DASS‐21 (Lovibond 1995) Schroeder 2016: perceived stress ‐ PSS‐10 (Cohen 1988a) Smith 2019: perceived stress ‐ PSS‐10 (Cohen 1994) Sood 2011: perceived stress ‐ PSS‐14 (Cohen 1988a) Sood 2014: perceived stress ‐ PSS‐14 (McEwen 1998; Smith 2007) Varker 2012: stress subscale of DASS‐21 (Lovibond 1995) West 2014: perceived stress ‐ PSS‐10 (Cohen 1988a)
Well‐being or quality of life	20	Bernburg 2016: job satisfaction ‐ Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) (Kristensen 2005a; Nuebling 2010) Calder Calisi 2017: well‐being ‐ VAS/Semantic differential scales (Friborg 2006) Cheung 2014: life satisfaction ‐ Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener 1985) Duchemin 2015d: work satisfaction – scale not specified (results sent from authors); quality of life – single item from satisfaction with life questionnaire (no citation indicated in publication) Hosseinnejad 2018: job satisfaction ‐ COPSOQ (Kristensen 2005a) Lin 2019: job satisfaction ‐ McCloskey/Mueller Satisfaction Scale (He 2008; Mueller 1990) Mache 2015a: job satisfaction ‐ COPSOQ (Kristensen 2005a; Nuebling 2010) Mache 2015b: job satisfaction ‐ COPSOQ (Kristensen 2005a; Nuebling 2010) Mache 2016: job satisfaction ‐ COPSOQ (Kristensen 2005a; Nuebling 2010) Mache 2017: job satisfaction ‐ COPSOQ (Kristensen 2005a; Nuebling 2010) Mistretta 2018: well‐being ‐ WHO (Five) Well‐Being Index (Bech 2003) Sood 2011: quality of life ‐ Linear Analog Self‐Assessment Scale (LASA) (Locke 2007) Sood 2014: quality of life ‐ LASA (Locke 2007; McEwen 2003) Strijk 2011d: work‐related vitality ‐ vitality scale of Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli 2003); general vitality ‐ RAND‐36 vitality scale (Van der Zee 1993) West 2014d: job satisfaction ‐ Physician Job Satisfaction Scale (PJSS) (Williams 1999); quality of life ‐ single‐item linear analogue question (Gudex 1996) West 2015d: job satisfaction ‐ PJSS (Williams 1999); quality of life ‐ linear analogue self‐assessment of overall quality of life (no reference specified) Wild 2016: well‐being ‐ Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing scale (WEMWBS) (Tennant 2007) ISRCTN69644721: life satisfaction ‐ statements about life satisfaction with Likert response options;well‐being ‐ WEMWBS (Tennant 2007) NCT02603133: happiness ‐ Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky 1999) NCT03645798: job satisfaction ‐ Job Satisfaction Scale (Tao 2010)

^aFor depression, we preferred depression scales over burnout scales if both forms of measure were reported.
^bIn two trials (West 2014; West 2015) we preferred continuous measures of burnout over dichotomous measures of depression, as they offered the possibility of being combined with other trials reporting continuous outcomes in meta‐analyses.
^cThe authors reportd that they would measure resilience with the emotional exhaustion subscale of the MBI. However, as this measure aims to assess burnout, we grouped the study under 'Depression' in this table.
^dFor trials reporting both general measures of well‐being or quality of life and work‐related assessments (e.g. job satisfaction, work‐related vitality), we preferred general measures.