Comparison 6. Change psychological quality of life.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
6.1 Main continuous data analysis	19	18034	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.06, 0.16]
6.2 Sensitivity analysis: no biochemical validation	9		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [‐0.02, 0.24]
6.3 Sensitivity analysis: point prevalence or no abstinence definition	3		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.30 [‐0.03, 0.63]
6.4 Sensitivity analysis: psychoactive/psychological treatment used	15		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [0.06, 0.18]
6.5 Sensitivity analysis: differing Ns analysed	18		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.06, 0.17]
6.6 Subgroups: comparing clinical populations	19		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.06, 0.16]
6.6.1 Chronic physical and/or psychiatric condition	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.17, 1.03]
6.6.2 Chronic physical condition	5		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [‐0.03, 0.29]
6.6.3 General (unselected) population	9		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.08 [0.03, 0.14]
6.6.4 Post‐surgical patients	1		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [‐0.17, 0.31]
6.6.5 Psychiatric condition	3		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [‐0.12, 0.31]
6.7 Subgroups: motivation to quit	19		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.06, 0.16]
6.7.1 Participants were selected by being motivated to quit	10		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [0.05, 0.15]
6.7.2 Participants were not selected by being motivated to quit	9		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [0.03, 0.24]
6.8 Subgroups: comparing adjusted & unadjusted estimates	19		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.06, 0.16]
6.8.1 Adjusted estimates	8		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.13 [0.06, 0.20]
6.8.2 Unadjusted estimates	11		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [‐0.01, 0.18]
6.9 Subgroups: comparing study designs	19		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.06, 0.16]
6.9.1 Longitudinal cohort study/Non‐randomised intervention study	12		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [0.04, 0.20]
6.9.2 Secondary analysis of RCT	7		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [0.03, 0.18]
6.10 Subgroups: length of longest follow‐up	19		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.06, 0.16]
6.10.1 6 weeks to ≤6 months follow‐up	6		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [0.05, 0.19]
6.10.2 >6 months follow‐up	13		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [0.03, 0.18]
6.11 Subgroups: primary versus secondary outcome	19		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.11 [0.06, 0.16]
6.11.1 Primary outcome	5		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.14 [0.04, 0.24]
6.11.2 Secondary outcome	14		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.10 [0.02, 0.18]