Table 2.

Comparison of Characteristics Between Treatment Non-Effective Group and Effective Group

n= 132	Non-Effective Group	Effective Group
	n = 49	n = 83
Age ± SD	58.5 ± 19.1	56.4 ± 18.4
Female (%)	34 (69.4%)	54 (65.1%)
BMI ± SD	24.2 ± 3.8	23.6 ± 3.6
No. of smoker patients (%)	6 (12.2%)	18 (21.7%)
Blood tests
Albumin ± SD (g/dL)	4.26 ± 0.33	4.18 ± 0.33
Creatinine ± SD (mg/dL)	0.71 ± 0.12	0.71 ± 0.16
HbA1c ± SD (%)	5.47 ± 0.30	5.46 ± 0.34
3HB ± SD (μmol/L) before treatment (%)	49.0 ± 46.8	81.0 ± 62.0 ***
No. of patients with high-3HB# before treatment (%)	3 (6.1%)	37 (44.6%) ***
Psychological tests
CES-D ± SD	19.6 ± 12.4	23.7 ± 14.4
STAI-state ± SD	48.8 ± 12.9	50.3 ± 10.5
STAI-trait ± SD	50.8 ± 11.5	52.5 ± 11.3
Current use of benzodiazepines (%)	17 (34.7%)	27 (32.5%)
Physical complaints and episodes
Fatigue (%)	18 (36.7%)	42 (50.6%)
Dizziness or vertigo (%)	12 (24.5%)	21 (25.3%)
Headache (%)	11 (22.5%)	34 (41.1%)*
Non-headache pain (%)	12 (25.0%)	33 (40.1%)
Numbness (%)	11 (22.5%)	13 (15.7%)
Nausea (%)	9 (18.4%)	14 (16.9%)
Chest tightness (%)	11 (22.5%)	13 (15.7%)
Palpitation (%)	11 (22.5%)	15 (18.1%)
Chronic cough or globus syndrome (%)	12 (25.0%)	16 (19.3%)
Breathlessness (%)	3 (6.1%)	5 (6.0%)
Psychological complaints and episodes
Anorexia (%)	13 (26.5%)	23 (27.7%)
Insominia (%)	33 (67.4%)	54 (65.1%)
Diminished motivation (%)	28 (57.1%)	57 (68.7%)
Suicidal ideation (%)	2 (4.1%)	24 (29.0%) ***
The ultimate psychiatric diagnosis $
Mood disorder (%)	12 (24.5%)	36 (43.4%) *
<Major depression (%)>	7 (15.3%)	23 (27.7%)
Anxiety disorder (%)	8 (16.3%)	13 (15.7%)
Somatoform disorder (%)	36 (73.5%)	43 (51.8%)*

Notes: *Significance compared with non-effective group (*p<0.05, ***p<0.001). ^#High-3HB: ≥80 μmol/L. ^$Diagnosis is overlapped in some patients.