. 2021 May 13;60(5):2085–2098. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key330

Table 3.

Epigenetic studies in primary Sjögren’s syndrome

Genome-wide studies of DNA methylation using HM450k array technology
Cells/tissues	Number of cases/controls	Main outcome	References
Naïve CD4⁺ T cells	11/11	Hypomethylation at LTA and IFN-induced genes	Altorok et al. [75]
CD4⁺ T cells, CD19⁺ B cells	26/22	Larger methylation differences in B cells than in T cells	Miceli-Richard et al. [76]
Whole blood, CD19⁺ B cells, minor salivary glands	100/400, 24/47, 15/13	Hypomethylation at IFN-induced genes; meQTL effects at pSS GWAS risk loci	Imgenberg-Kreuz et al. [77]
Whole blood	24/24 (case–case)	Hypomethylation at a ncRNA in high fatigue	Braekke-Norheim et al. [78]
Minor salivary glands	13/13	Enrichment for differential methylation in promoters	Cole et al. [79]
SGECs	8/4	Hypomethylation at IFN-induced genes	Charras et al. [80]

Studies of differential miRNA expression
Method	Cells/tissues	Main outcome	References
RT-qPCR	PBMCs	Dysregulation of miR-146a/b, miR-155, miR-223, miR-483-5p	Pauley et al. [81], Kapsogeorgou et al. [82], Zilahi et al. [83], Shi et al. [84], Gourzi et al. [85], Chen et al. [86]
	SGECs	Upregulation of miR-200b-5p, in AB-positive pSS downregulation of let-7b Downregulation of miR200-5p predictive of pSS lymphoma	Kapsogeorgou et al. [82], Gourzi et al. [85] Kapsogeorgou et al. [87]
	Minor salivary glands	Dysregulation of miR-16 and miR-181a	Gourzi et al. [85], Wang et al. [88]
RT-qPCR OpenArray	Serum	Correlation of miRNA expression with clinical parameters	Lopes et al. [89]
Microarray	PBMCs	Upregulation of miR-181a	Peng et al. [90]
	CD14⁺ monocytes	Dysregulation of miRNAs in TGF-β pathway	Williams et al. [91]
	CD4⁺ T cells, CD19⁺ B cells	Inverse correlation of miR-30b-5p and BAFF expression in B cells	Wang-Renault et al. [92]
	Minor salivary glands	Inverse correlation of miR-768-3p and miR-574 with focus score	Alevizos et al. [93]
Next-generation sequencing	PBMCs	Downregulation of miR-105-5p	Chen et al. [94]
	Minor salivary glands	Upregulation of miR-5100	Tandon et al. [95]

AB: autoantibody; meQTL: methylation quantitative trait loci; RT-qPCR: reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR; SGECs: salivary gland epithelial cells.