TABLE 2.

Risk of osteoporosis when exposure to ART drugs.

			OR	95% CI	p-value
	Osteoporosis N = 104	Non-osteoporosis N = 416
	N (%)	N (%)
ART drugs	—	—	—	—	—
Non-exposure	48 (46.15%)	242 (58.17%)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Exposure	56 (53.85%)	174 (41.83%)	2.11	(1.22–3.66)	0.0077
Timing of exposure	—	—	—	—	—
Non-exposure	49 (47.12%)	249 (59.86%)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Current exposure (0 < YEAR ≤1)	46 (44.23%)	132 (31.73%)	2.51	(1.38–4.56)	0.0026
Recent exposure (1 < YEAR ≤2)	8 (7.69%)	24 (5.77%)	2.42	(0.94–6.26)	0.0674
Past exposure (2 < YEAR)	1 (0.96%)	11 (2.64%)	0.65	(0.08–5.33)	0.6855
Cumulative defined daily dose (DDD)	—	—	—	—	—
Non-exposure	49 (47.12%)	249 (59.86%)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Low (cumulative DDDs < 2500)	24 (23.08%)	72 (17.31%)	2.26	(1.14–4.50)	0.0194
High (cumulative DDDs ≥ 2500)	31 (29.81%)	95 (22.84%)	2.48	(1.22–5.04)	0.0117
Adherence	—	—	—	—	—
Non-exposure	49 (47.12%)	249 (59.86%)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Low (0 < ADH ≤ 0.8)	32 (30.77%)	100 (24.04%)	2.32	(1.22–4.42)	0.0107
High (0.8 < ADH)	23 (22.12%)	67 (16.11%)	2.43	(1.21–4.89)	0.0125

N, number; ART, antiretroviral therapy; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref, reference; DDD, defined daily dose; ADH, adherence.

Conditional logistic regression model was performed with adjustments for age and comorbidities.

Significant p-values (p<0.05) are indicated in bold and italic font.

Cumulative defined daily dose (DDD) and adherence were calculated during the period between the date of HIV infection diagnosis and the date of osteoporosis diagnosis.

The definition of cumulative DDD: The total dose of drug given to a patient from the start of drug usage to the study end.

The definition of adherence: (Total number of prescribed days of a patient from the start of drug usage to the study end)/(total number of days of observation of a patient from the start of drug to the study end).