Appendix 1—table 10. Effect estimates (prevalence ratios) for main analyses and all sub-group analyses adjusted for a priori covariates and age-squared.
| Main analysis, all children† | Sub-group analysis, children born after intervention* | Sub-group analysis, children with repeated (longitudinal) measurements† | Age stratified, children aged > 24 months old‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 month | 24 month | 12 month | 24 month | 12 month | 24 month | 24 month | |
| Any bacterial or protozoan infection | 1.05 (0.96–1.15), p=0.29 | 1.00 (0.92–1.09), p=0.97 | 0.95 (0.64–1.42), p=0.81 | 0.97 (0.79–1.18), p=0.73 | 1.02 (0.91–1.14), p=0.73 | 0.99 (0.89–1.11), p=0.89 | 0.98 (0.91–1.05), p=0.57 |
| Any STH infection | 1.16 (0.93–1.43), p=0.18 | 0.94 (0.77–1.15), p=0.54 | 1.38 (0.35–5.44), p=0.65 | 0.48 (0.26–0.92), p=0.026 | 1.20 (0.91–1.59), p=0.20 | 1.22 (0.85–1.75), p=0.27 | 1.04 (0.83–1.32), p=0.72 |
| Diarrhea | 1.73 (0.91–3.28), p=0.094 | 0.84 (0.46–1.51), p=0.55 | 1.66 (0.32–8.68), p=0.55 | 1.32 (0.45–3.90), p=0.61 | 1.71 (0.79–3.71), p=0.17 | 0.68 (0.31–1.48), p=0.33 | 0.82 (0.36–1.87), p=0.64 |
| Any Bacteria | 1.10 (0.96–1.26), p=0.15 | 1.01 (0.88–1.16), p=0.87 | 1.23 (0.75–2.02), p=0.42 | 0.88 (0.66–1.16), p=0.37 | 1.02 (0.86–1.20), p=0.85 | 1.02 (0.85–1.22), p=0.85 | 0.96 (0.84–1.11), p=0.61 |
| Shigella | 1.14 (0.94–1.38), p=0.18 | 0.97 (0.81–1.16), p=0.75 | 0.87 (0.25–3.02), p=0.83 | 0.48 (0.28–0.84), p=0.009 | 1.09 (0.87–1.35), p=0.47 | 0.96 (0.75–1.23), p=0.76 | 1.02 (0.85–1.23), p=0.82 |
| ETEC | 0.97 (0.70–1.35), p=0.86 | 0.83 (0.57–1.20), p=0.32 | 0.80 (0.33–1.95), p=0.63 | 0.84 (0.47–1.49), p=0.55 | 0.86 (0.58–1.29), p=0.47 | 0.86 (0.52–1.40), p=0.53 | 0.75 (0.47–1.20), p=0.23 |
| Campylobacter | 1.70 (0.83–3.49), p=0.15 | 1.29 (0.63–2.64), p=0.49 | 2.67 (0.59–12.00), p=0.2 | 1.63 (0.59–4.54), p=0.35 | 1.51 (0.60–3.76), p=0.38 | 1.52 (0.60–3.83), p=0.38 | 0.98 (0.30–3.21), p=0.97 |
| C. difficile | 2.06 (0.76–5.53), p=0.15 | 1.38 (0.45–4.20), p=0.57 | 1.42 (0.43–4.65), p=0.57 | 1.45 (0.40–5.25), p=0.57 | 1.35 (0.23–7.78), p=0.74 | 0.23 (0.02–2.67), p=0.24 | ..‡ |
| E. coli O157 | 0.47 (0.18–1.23), p=0.13 | 0.52 (0.17–1.59), p=0.25 | 0.00 (0.00–0.01), p=0.00 | 0.52 (0.07–4.14), p=0.54 | 0.68 (0.22–2.07), p=0.50 | 0.58 (0.12–2.86), p=0.51 | 0.48 (0.13–1.78), p=0.27 |
| STEC | 0.15 (0.03–0.71), p=0.017 | 0.24 (0.06–1.03), p=0.055 | ..‡ | 0.05 (0.00–1.26), p=0.069 | 0.11 (0.01–1.32), p=0.082 | 0.58 (0.07–5.00), p=0.62 | 1.70 (0.14–20.35), p=0.67 |
| Y. enterocolitica | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| V. cholerae | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any Protozoa | 1.05 (0.89–1.23), p=0.6 | 0.92 (0.78–1.09), p=0.34 | 0.42 (0.14–1.26), p=0.12 | 0.86 (0.60–1.23), p=0.41 | 1.20 (0.97–1.48), p=0.095 | 0.92 (0.73–1.16), p=0.49 | 0.94 (0.80–1.10), p=0.45 |
| Giardia | 1.07 (0.91–1.26), p=0.43 | 0.95 (0.80–1.12), p=0.51 | 0.46 (0.15–1.47), p=0.19 | 0.89 (0.62–1.28), p=0.52 | 1.19 (0.96–1.47), p=0.11 | 0.92 (0.73–1.16), p=0.47 | 0.96 (0.81–1.13), p=0.6 |
| Cryptosporidium | 0.89 (0.24–3.33), p=0.86 | 0.53 (0.13–2.17), p=0.38 | 0.33 (0.02–6.28), p=0.46 | 0.51 (0.09–2.78), p=0.44 | 1.46 (0.21–10.18), p=0.7 | 0.59 (0.06–5.45), p=0.64 | 0.20 (0.02–2.28), p=0.19 |
| E. histolytica | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any virus | 0.75 (0.44–1.28), p=0.29 | 1.03 (0.57–1.86), p=0.92 | 0.37 (0.14–1.03), p=0.056 | 0.79 (0.35–1.78), p=0.57 | 1.09 (0.52–2.29), p=0.83 | 0.95 (0.41–2.19), p=0.91 | 1.44 (0.61–3.38), p=0.41 |
| Norovirus GI/GII | 0.68 (0.36–1.28), p=0.23 | 1.10 (0.55–2.18), p=0.79 | 0.42 (0.12–1.41), p=0.16 | 1.25 (0.47–3.29), p=0.66 | 0.86 (0.37–2.00), p=0.73 | 0.74 (0.29–1.90), p=0.53 | 1.16 (0.45–3.04), p=0.76 |
| Adenovirus 40/41 | 1.26 (0.32–4.95), p=0.74 | 0.96 (0.18–5.20), p=0.96 | 0.85 (0.09–8.30), p=0.89 | ..‡ | 3.77 (0.48–29.56), p=0.21 | 6.17 (0.51–75.19), p=0.15 | 7.51 (0.72–77.98), p=0.091 |
| Rotavirus A | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Coinfection,≥2 GPP pathogens | 1.10 (0.93–1.30), p=0.27 | 0.94 (0.80–1.11), p=0.49 | 0.75 (0.33–1.71), p=0.49 | 0.83 (0.58–1.17), p=0.29 | 1.15 (0.93–1.42), p=0.19 | 0.97 (0.78–1.21), p=0.81 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11), p=0.44 |
| Trichuris | 1.05 (0.83–1.32), p=0.68 | 0.85 (0.67–1.08), p=0.17 | 0.99 (0.23–4.27), p=0.98 | 0.24 (0.10–0.60), p=0.002 | 1.11 (0.80–1.52), p=0.54 | 1.14 (0.76–1.70), p=0.54 | 0.99 (0.77–1.27), p=0.92 |
| Ascaris | 1.38 (0.95–1.99), p=0.088 | 0.83 (0.54–1.26), p=0.37 | 3.11 (0.30–32.54), p=0.34 | 0.65 (0.29–1.47), p=0.3 | 1.20 (0.76–1.92), p=0.43 | 0.86 (0.42–1.75), p=0.68 | 0.86 (0.51–1.44), p=0.56 |
| Coinfection,≥2 STH | 1.21 (0.78–1.85), p=0.39 | 0.62 (0.37–1.06), p=0.079 | 1.76 (0.15–21), p=0.66 | 0.12 (0.01–1.06), p=0.057 | 1.01 (0.53–1.93), p=0.97 | 0.70 (0.30–1.62), p=0.40 | 0.72 (0.40–1.29), p=0.27 |
All effect estimates are presented as prevalence ratios (ratio of ratios) with 95% confidence intervals and estimated using generalized estimating equations to fit Poisson regression models with robust standard errors. All models are adjusted for a priori covariates (age, sex, wealth, caregiver education) and age squared to assess the impact of the age squared term on effect estimates. †Results from main analyses examining intervention effects among all enrolled children at 12 month and 24 month visits. Effect estimates compared with 12 month and 24 month results in Table 2.
*Results from sub-group analyses which compared children born after the intervention was implemented with children of a similar age at baseline. Effect estimates compared with results in Table 3 (24 month sub-group analysis results) and Appendix 1—table 13 (12 month sub-group analysis results).
† Results from sub-group analyses including children with repeated measures at baseline and the 12 month phase or baseline and the 24 month phase. Effect estimates compared with results in Appendix 1—tables 14 and 15.
‡ Results from sub-group analysis comparing children aged >2 years old at baseline and 24 month phase. Effect estimates compared with results in Appendix 1—table 12.