Appendix 1—table 11. Comparison of effect estimates (prevalence ratios) at 12- and 24-month adjusted for a priori covariates only and for a priori covariates and seasonality.
| 12-month prevalence ratio (95% CI) | 24-month prevalence ratio (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted (a priori only)* | Adjusted + seasonality† | Adjusted (a priori only)* | Adjusted + seasonality† | |
| Any bacterial or protozoan infection | 1.04 (0.94–1.15), p=0.41 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15), p=0.37 | 0.99 (0.91–1.09), p=0.89 | 1.00 (0.91–1.10), p=0.95 |
| Any STH infection | 1.11 (0.89–1.38), p=0.35 | 1.12 (0.90–1.39), p=0.31 | 0.95 (0.77–1.17), p=0.62 | 0.94 (0.76–1.15), p=0.54 |
| Diarrhea | 1.69 (0.89–3.21), p=0.11 | 1.67 (0.88–3.17), p=0.12 | 0.84 (0.47–1.51), p=0.56 | 0.81 (0.44–1.46), p=0.48 |
| Any bacteria | 1.09 (0.95–1.26), p=0.20 | 1.10 (0.96–1.26), p=0.18 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15), p=0.95 | 1.03 (0.89–1.18), p=0.71 |
| Shigella | 1.12 (0.92–1.38), p=0.27 | 1.12 (0.91–1.37), p=0.28 | 0.95 (0.79–1.16), p=0.64 | 0.97 (0.80–1.17), p=0.72 |
| ETEC | 0.96 (0.69–1.33), p=0.81 | 0.98 (0.70–1.35), p=0.89 | 0.83 (0.57–1.19), p=0.31 | 0.88 (0.61–1.26), p=0.47 |
| Campylobacter | 1.68 (0.82–3.45), p=0.16 | 1.72 (0.84–3.49), p=0.14 | 1.28 (0.62–2.62), p=0.5 | 1.33 (0.65–2.71), p=0.43 |
| C. difficile | 2.09 (0.77–5.64), p=0.15 | 2.17 (0.81–5.86), p=0.13 | 1.41 (0.46–4.30), p=0.54 | 1.44 (0.48–4.37), p=0.52 |
| E. coli O157 | 0.46 (0.18–1.21), p=0.12 | 0.48 (0.18–1.26), p=0.14 | 0.52 (0.17–1.59), p=0.25 | 0.57 (0.19–1.74), p=0.32 |
| STEC | 0.15 (0.03–0.70), p=0.016 | 0.15 (0.03–0.74), p=0.019 | 0.24 (0.05–1.01), p=0.052 | 0.25 (0.06–1.06), p=0.061 |
| Y. enterocolitica | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| V. cholerae | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any Protozoa | 1.03 (0.86–1.22), p=0.76 | 1.03 (0.87–1.23), p=0.72 | 0.91 (0.76–1.09), p=0.29 | 0.91 (0.76–1.09), p=0.31 |
| Giardia | 1.05 (0.88–1.25), p=0.58 | 1.06 (0.88–1.26), p=0.54 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11), p=0.43 | 0.93 (0.78–1.12), p=0.45 |
| Cryptosporidium | 0.89 (0.24–3.31), p=0.86 | 0.83 (0.22–3.11), p=0.78 | 0.53 (0.13–2.14), p=0.37 | 0.46 (0.12–1.73), p=0.25 |
| E. histolytica | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any virus | 0.75 (0.44–1.27), p=0.29 | 0.74 (0.43–1.26), p=0.26 | 1.03 (0.57–1.86), p=0.92 | 0.97 (0.54–1.75), p=0.91 |
| Norovirus GI/GII | 0.68 (0.36–1.27), p=0.23 | 0.67 (0.35–1.27), p=0.22 | 1.10 (0.55–2.18), p=0.79 | 1.04 (0.53–2.07), p=0.90 |
| Adenovirus 40/41 | 1.24 (0.32–4.83), p=0.76 | 1.29 (0.33–5.13), p=0.71 | 0.97 (0.18–5.19), p=0.97 | 1.01 (0.19–5.30), p=0.99 |
| Rotavirus | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Coinfection,≥2 GPP pathogens | 1.08 (0.91–1.29), p=0.37 | 1.09 (0.91–1.30), p=0.35 | 0.93 (0.79–1.10), p=0.41 | 0.94 (0.79–1.12), p=0.49 |
| Trichuris | 1.01 (0.79–1.28), p=0.96 | 1.02 (0.81–1.30), p=0.86 | 0.86 (0.67–1.10), p=0.22 | 0.85 (0.67–1.09), p=0.21 |
| Ascaris | 1.33 (0.92–1.93), p=0.13 | 1.35 (0.93–1.95), p=0.11 | 0.83 (0.54–1.27), p=0.39 | 0.81 (0.53–1.25), p=0.34 |
| Coinfection,≥2 STH | 1.17 (0.76–1.79), p=0.49 | 1.20 (0.78–1.83), p=0.40 | 0.63 (0.37–1.07), p=0.084 | 0.62 (0.36–1.06), p=0.079 |
All effect estimates are presented as prevalence ratios (ratio of ratios) with 95% confidence intervals and estimated using generalized estimating equations to fit Poisson regression models with robust standard errors.
*Models are adjusted for a priori covariates age, sex, caregiver’s education, and wealth and presented for comparison with seasonality-adjusted models.
†Models are adjusted for a priori covariates and seasonality using sine/cosine terms based on the date of sample (or survey) collection.