Appendix 1—table 12. Effect of the intervention on enteric infection and diarrhea in children > 2 years old after 24 months.
| Prevalence | Prevalence ratio (95% CI), p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline, aged > 2 years | 24 month, aged > 2 years | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |
| Any bacterial or protozoan infection† | ||||
| Control | 155/164 (95%) | 315/340 (93%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 149/160 (93%) | 312/344 (91%) | 0.99 (0.93–1.07), p=0.86 | 0.98 (0.91–1.05), p=0.60 |
| Any STH infection† | ||||
| Control | 103/155 (66%) | 113/175 (65%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 86/146 (59%) | 121/208 (58%) | 1.03 (0.82–1.30), p=0.79 | 1.05 (0.83–1.32), p=0.69 |
| Diarrhea‡ | ||||
| Control | 21/243 (8.6%) | 33/273 (12%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 16/210 (7.6%) | 31/303 (10%) | 0.96 (0.45–2.07), p=0.93 | 0.82 (0.36–1.86), p=0.63 |
| Any Bacteria | ||||
| Control | 129/164 (79%) | 267/340 (79%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 125/160 (78%) | 266/344 (77%) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15), p=0.98 | 0.97 (0.84–1.11), p=0.64 |
| Shigella | ||||
| Control | 112/164 (68%) | 227/340 (67%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 103/160 (64%) | 223/344 (65%) | 1.05 (0.87–1.26), p=0.63 | 1.03 (0.85–1.24), p=0.79 |
| ETEC | ||||
| Control | 46/164 (28%) | 93/340 (27%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 52/160 (33%) | 100/344 (29%) | 0.88 (0.56–1.38), p=0.58 | 0.74 (0.46–1.20), p=0.22 |
| Campylobacter | ||||
| Control | 12/164 (7.3%) | 33/340 (9.7%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 7/160 (4.4%) | 20/344 (5.8%) | 0.97 (0.33–2.90), p=0.96 | 1.00 (0.30–3.28), p=0.99 |
| C. difficile | ||||
| Control | 2/164 (1.2%) | 6/340 (1.8%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 0/160 (0.0%) | 4/344 (1.2%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| E. coli O157 | ||||
| Control | 6/164 (3.7%) | 21/340 (6.2%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 9/160 (5.6%) | 13/344 (3.8%) | 0.39 (0.11–1.40), p=0.15 | 0.47 (0.13–1.78), p=0.27 |
| STEC | ||||
| Control | 2/164 (1.2%) | 15/340 (4.4%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 1/160 (0.63%) | 13/344 (3.8%) | 1.54 (0.12–19.19), p=0.74 | 1.73 (0.14–20.75), p=0.67 |
| Y. enterocolitica | ||||
| Control | 0/164 (0.0%) | 0/340 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 0/160 (0.0%) | 1/344 (0.29%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| V. cholerae | ||||
| Control | 0/164 (0.0%) | 0/340 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 0/160 (0.0%) | 0/344 (0.0%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any Protozoa | ||||
| Control | 123/164 (75%) | 250/340 (74%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 121/160 (76%) | 245/344 (71%) | 0.96 (0.82–1.13), p=0.66 | 0.94 (0.80–1.11), p=0.47 |
| Giardia | ||||
| Control | 122/164 (74%) | 244/340 (72%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 118/160 (74%) | 240/344 (70%) | 0.99 (0.84–1.16), p=0.86 | 0.96 (0.81–1.13), p=0.62 |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||
| Control | 1/164 (0.61%) | 9/340 (2.6%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 4/160 (2.5%) | 8/344 (2.3%) | 0.20 (0.02–2.27), p=0.19 | 0.21 (0.02–2.46), p=0.21 |
| E. histolytica | ||||
| Control | 0/164 (0.0%) | 2/340 (0.59%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 3/160 (1.9%) | 10/344 (2.9%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any virus | ||||
| Control | 19/164 (12%) | 39/340 (11%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 16/160 (10%) | 43/344 (13%) | 1.24 (0.55–2.78), p=0.6 | 1.44 (0.61–3.38), p=0.41 |
| Norovirus GI/GII | ||||
| Control | 12/164 (7.3%) | 34/340 (10%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 13/160 (8.1%) | 37/344 (11%) | 0.96 (0.39–2.34), p=0.92 | 1.17 (0.45–3.03), p=0.75 |
| Adenovirus 40/41 | ||||
| Control | 6/164 (3.7%) | 2/340 (0.59%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 2/160 (1.3%) | 6/344 (1.7%) | 11 (0.97–119), p=0.053 | 7.5 (0.72–79), p=0.92 |
| Rotavirus A | ||||
| Control | 1/164 (0.61%) | 3/340 (0.88%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 1/160 (0.63%) | 1/344 (0.29%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Coinfection,≥2 GPP pathogens | ||||
| Control | 114/164 (70%) | 243/340 (71%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 111/160 (69%) | 236/344 (69%) | 0.97 (0.82–1.15), p=0.71 | 0.93 (0.78–1.12), p=0.45 |
| Trichuris | ||||
| Control | 91/155 (59%) | 102/175 (58%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 76/146 (52%) | 110/208 (53%) | 1.04 (0.81–1.33), p=0.78 | 0.99 (0.77–1.27), p=0.96 |
| Ascaris | ||||
| Control | 50/155 (32%) | 61/175 (35%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 39/146 (27%) | 47/208 (23%) | 0.78 (0.47–1.29), p=0.33 | 0.86 (0.51–1.44), p=0.57 |
| Coinfection,≥2 STH | ||||
| Control | 38/155 (25%) | 50/175 (29%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 29/146 (20%) | 36/208 (17%) | 0.74 (0.42–1.28), p=0.28 | 0.72 (0.41–1.29), p=0.27 |
Analysis includes children >2 year old at baseline or the 24 month visit. Prevalence results are presented as (n/N (%)). All effect estimates are presented as prevalence ratios (ratio of ratios) with 95% confidence intervals and estimated using generalized estimating equations to fit Poisson regression models with robust standard errors.
* Pathogen outcomes adjusted for child age and sex, caregiver’s education, and household wealth index, reported diarrhea also adjusted for baseline presence of a drop-hole cover and reported use of a tap on compound grounds as primary drinking water source.
† Models did not converge due to sparse data.