Appendix 1—table 13. Effect of intervention on enteric infection and reported diarrhea in children born into study sites post implementation (post-baseline) and before 12 month visit compared with children of a similar age at baseline (<1 year old).
| Prevalence | Prevalence ratio | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline, children < 1 year old | 12 month, children born-in and <1 year old | unadjusted | adjusted† | |
| Any bacterial or protozoan infection | ||||
| Control | 57/109 (52%) | 31/48 (65%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 51/99 (52%) | 32/55 (58%) | 0.89 (0.60–1.33), p=0.58 | 0.97 (0.65–1.45), p=0.90 |
| Any STH infection | ||||
| Control | 17/93 (18%) | 3/25 (12%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 13/92 (14%) | 4/32 (13%) | 1.31 (0.32–5.42), p=0.71 | 1.38 (0.35–5.45), p=0.65 |
| Diarrhea | ||||
| Control | 19/138 (14%) | 6/50 (12%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 18/120 (15%) | 13/69 (19%) | 1.38 (0.47–4.01), p=0.56 | 1.80 (0.35–9.31), p=0.48 |
| Any Bacteria | ||||
| Control | 53/109 (49%) | 24/48 (50%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 41/99 (41%) | 29/55 (53%) | 1.22 (0.75–1.98), p=0.43 | 1.28 (0.78–2.10), p=0.33 |
| Shigella | ||||
| Control | 10/109 (9.2%) | 9/48 (19%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 9/99 (9.1%) | 9/55 (16%) | 0.87 (0.26–2.91), p=0.82 | 0.85 (0.26–2.81), p=0.79 |
| ETEC | ||||
| Control | 25/109 (23%) | 12/48 (25%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 22/99 (22%) | 11/55 (20%) | 0.82 (0.34–1.99), p=0.66 | 0.80 (0.33–1.92), p=0.62 |
| Campylobacter | ||||
| Control | 14/109 (13%) | 4/48 (8.3%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 8/99 (8.1%) | 5/55 (9.1%) | 1.76 (0.38–8.09), p=0.47 | 2.68 (0.59–12.2), p=0.20 |
| C. difficile | ||||
| Control | 13/109 (12%) | 7/48 (15%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 10/99 (10%) | 9/55 (16%) | 1.37 (0.42–4.45), p=0.60 | 1.49 (0.46–4.89), p=0.51 |
| E. coli O157 | ||||
| Control | 4/109 (3.7%) | 1/48 (2.1%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 2/99 (2%) | 0/55 (0.0%) | 0.01 (0.00–0.19), p=0.001 | ..‡ |
| STEC | ||||
| Control | 0/109 (0.0%) | 0/48 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 3/99 (3%) | 1/55 (1.8%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Y. enterocolitica | ||||
| Control | 0/109 (0.0%) | 0/48 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 0/99 (0.0%) | 0/55 (0.0%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| V. cholerae | ||||
| Control | 0/109 (0.0%) | 0/48 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 0/99 (0.0%) | 0/55 (0.0%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any Protozoa | ||||
| Control | 14/109 (13%) | 15/48 (31%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 22/99 (22%) | 9/55 (16%) | 0.35 (0.12–1.02), p=0.055 | 0.40 (0.13–1.20), p=0.10 |
| Giardia | ||||
| Control | 12/109 (11%) | 13/48 (27%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 16/99 (16%) | 8/55 (15%) | 0.41 (0.13–1.24), p=0.11 | 0.44 (0.14–1.40), p=0.17 |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||
| Control | 2/109 (1.8%) | 2/48 (4.2%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 8/99 (8.1%) | 2/55 (3.6%) | 0.25 (0.02–3.70), p=0.31 | 0.40 (0.02–7.9), p=0.55 |
| E. histolytica | ||||
| Control | 0/109 (0.0%) | 1/48 (2.1%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 1/99 (1%) | 0/55 (0.0%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any virus | ||||
| Control | 15/109 (14%) | 12/48 (25%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 21/99 (21%) | 7/55 (13%) | 0.33 (0.12–0.92), p=0.033 | 0.37 (0.14–1.03), p=0.056 |
| Norovirus GI/GII | ||||
| Control | 12/109 (11%) | 9/48 (19%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 15/99 (15%) | 6/55 (11%) | 0.43 (0.13–1.40), p=0.16 | 0.44 (0.13–1.47), p=0.18 |
| Adenovirus 40/41 | ||||
| Control | 4/109 (3.7%) | 4/48 (8.3%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 3/99 (3%) | 2/55 (3.6%) | 0.56 (0.06–5.05), p=0.61 | 0.91 (0.09–9.49), p=0.94 |
| Rotavirus A | ||||
| Control | 0/109 (0.0%) | 0/48 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 3/99 (3%) | 0/55 (0.0%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Coinfection,≥2 GPP pathogens | ||||
| Control | 23/109 (21%) | 16/48 (33%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 25/99 (25%) | 15/55 (27%) | 0.73 (0.31–1.71), p=0.47 | 0.74 (0.33–1.69), p=0.48 |
| Trichuris | ||||
| Control | 10/93 (11%) | 3/25 (12%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 10/92 (11%) | 4/32 (13%) | 1.04 (0.21–5.01), p=0.96 | 0.98 (0.23–4.29), p=0.98 |
| Ascaris | ||||
| Control | 12/93 (13%) | 1/25 (4%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 9/92 (9.8%) | 3/32 (9.4%) | 2.87 (0.30–27.85), p=0.36 | 3.10 (0.30–32.5), p=0.35 |
| Coinfection,≥2 STH | ||||
| Control | 5/93 (5.4%) | 1/25 (4%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 6/92 (6.5%) | 3/32 (9.4%) | 1.90 (0.16–22.73), p=0.61 | 1.76 (0.15–21.0), p=0.66 |
Analysis includes children < 1 year old at baseline and children born into the study after baseline and <1 year old at the time of the 12-month visit. Prevalence results are presented as (n/N (%)). All effect estimates are presented as prevalence ratios (ratio of ratios) with 95% confidence intervals and estimated using generalized estimating equations to fit Poisson regression models with robust standard errors.
*Pathogen outcomes adjusted for child age and sex, caregiver’s education, and household wealth index, reported diarrhea also adjusted for baseline presence of a drop-hole cover and reported use of a tap on compound grounds as primary drinking water source.
† Models did not converge due to sparse data.