Appendix 1—table 14. Effect of the intervention on children with repeated observations at baseline and 12-month visit.
| Prevalence | Prevalence ratio | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 month | Unadjusted | Adjusted† | |
| Any bacterial or protozoan infection | ||||
| Control | 161/207 (78%) | 187/207 (90%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 174/228 (76%) | 207/228 (91%) | 1.02 (0.91–1.16), p=0.70 | 1.01 (0.90–1.14), p=0.84 |
| Any STH infection | ||||
| Control | 67/132 (51%) | 80/132 (61%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 63/154 (41%) | 91/154 (59%) | 1.22 (0.92–1.61), p=0.17 | 1.16 (0.87–1.55), p=0.31 |
| Diarrhea | ||||
| Control | 36/277 (13%) | 17/277 (6.1%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 42/279 (15%) | 34/279 (12%) | 1.71 (0.78–3.77), p=0.18 | 1.71 (0.79–3.70), p=0.17 |
| Any Bacteria | ||||
| Control | 141/207 (68%) | 165/207 (80%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 142/228 (62%) | 170/228 (75%) | 1.02 (0.86–1.22), p=0.8 | 1.01 (0.85–1.20), p=0.92 |
| Shigella | ||||
| Control | 89/207 (43%) | 128/207 (62%) | ||
| Intervention | 90/228 (39%) | 142/228 (62%) | 1.10 (0.86–1.39), p=0.45 | 1.08 (0.85–1.37), p=0.54 |
| ETEC | ||||
| Control | 63/207 (30%) | 83/207 (40%) | ||
| Intervention | 71/228 (31%) | 79/228 (35%) | 0.84 (0.56–1.27), p=0.41 | 0.85 (0.57–1.28), p=0.44 |
| Campylobacter | ||||
| Control | 20/207 (9.7%) | 18/207 (8.7%) | ||
| Intervention | 13/228 (5.7%) | 18/228 (7.9%) | 1.54 (0.62–3.80), p=0.35 | 1.49 (0.60–3.71), p=0.39 |
| C. difficile | ||||
| Control | 15/207 (7.3%) | 4/207 (1.9%) | ||
| Intervention | 8/228 (3.5%) | 3/228 (1.3%) | 1.39 (0.24–8.00), p=0.71 | 1.45 (0.25–8.52), p=0.68 |
| E. coli O157 | ||||
| Control | 9/207 (4.3%) | 15/207 (7.3%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 9/228 (4.0%) | 10/228 (4.4%) | 0.67 (0.22–2.03), p=0.48 | 0.68 (0.22–2.06), p=0.49 |
| STEC | ||||
| Control | 1/207 (0.48%) | 6/207 (2.9%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 6/228 (2.6%) | 4/227 (1.8%) | 0.11 (0.01–1.31), p=0.081 | 0.11 (0.01–1.32), p=0.082 |
| Y. enterocolitica | ||||
| Control | 0/207 (0.0%) | 0/207 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 1/228 (0.44%) | 0/227 (0.0%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| V. cholerae | ||||
| Control | 0/207 (0.0%) | 0/207 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 0/228 (0.0%) | 0/227 (0.0%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any Protozoa | ||||
| Control | 109/207 (53%) | 130/207 (63%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 117/228 (51%) | 166/228 (73%) | 1.19 (0.95–1.48), p=0.13 | 1.18 (0.94–1.47), p=0.15 |
| Giardia | ||||
| Control | 106/207 (51%) | 130/207 (63%) | ||
| Intervention | 113/228 (50%) | 164/228 (72%) | 1.18 (0.94–1.48), p=0.15 | 1.17 (0.93–1.47), p=0.17 |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||
| Control | 6/207 (2.9%) | 2/207 (0.97%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 10/228 (4.4%) | 5/227 (2.2%) | 1.44 (0.21–9.82), p=0.71 | 1.45 (0.22–9.71), p=0.7 |
| E. histolytica | ||||
| Control | 0/207 (0.0%) | 0/207 (0.0) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 2/228 (0.88%) | 7/228 (3.1%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any virus | ||||
| Control | 27/207 (13%) | 20/207 (9.7%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 31/228 (14%) | 25/228 (11%) | 1.05 (0.50–2.22), p=0.89 | 1.08 (0.51–2.26), p=0.84 |
| Norovirus GI/GII | ||||
| Control | 20/207 (9.7%) | 19/207 (9.2%) | ||
| Intervention | 23/228 (11%) | 19/228 (8.3%) | 0.83 (0.36–1.94), p=0.67 | 0.86 (0.37–1.99), p=0.72 |
| Adenovirus 40/41 | ||||
| Control | 7/207 (3.4%) | 2/207 (0.97%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 6/228 (2.6%) | 6/228 (2.6%) | 3.56 (0.46–27.24), p=0.22 | 3.59 (0.46–27.91), p=0.22 |
| Rotavirus A | ||||
| Control | 1/207 (0.48%) | 1/207 (0.48%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 4/228 (1.8%) | 1/228 (0.44%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Coinfection,≥2 GPP pathogens | ||||
| Control | 114/207 (55%) | 135/207 (65%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 115/228 (50%) | 156/228 (68%) | 1.15 (0.92–1.43), p=0.23 | 1.14 (0.91–1.42), p=0.25 |
| Trichuris | ||||
| Control | 49/132 (37%) | 64/132 (48%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 53/154 (34%) | 77/154 (50%) | 1.12 (0.81–1.54), p=0.50 | 1.06 (0.76–1.48), p=0.72 |
| Ascaris | ||||
| Control | 40/132 (30%) | 46/132 (35%) | ||
| Intervention | 35/154 (23%) | 49/154 (32%) | 1.22 (0.77–1.93), p=0.4 | 1.17 (0.73–1.86), p=0.51 |
| Coinfection,≥2 STH | ||||
| Control | 22/132 (17%) | 30/132 (23%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 25/154 (16%) | 35/154 (23%) | 1.03 (0.55–1.93), p=0.94 | 0.97 (0.51–1.85), p=0.93 |
Analysis includes children with complete observations at baseline and 12-month visits. Prevalence results are presented as (n/N (%)). All effect estimates are presented as prevalence ratios (ratio of ratios) with 95% confidence intervals and estimated using generalized estimating equations to fit Poisson regression models with robust standard errors.
* Pathogen outcomes adjusted for child age and sex, caregiver’s education, and household wealth index, reported diarrhea also adjusted for baseline presence of a drop-hole cover and reported use of a tap on compound grounds as primary drinking water source.
† Models would not converge due to sparse data.