Appendix 1—table 15. Effect of the intervention on children with repeated observations at baseline and 24-month visit.
| Prevalence | Prevalence ratio | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 24 month | Unadjusted | Adjusted† | |
| Any bacterial or protozoan infection | ||||
| Control | 131/166 (79%) | 155/166 (93%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 151/192 (79%) | 175/192 (91%) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10), p=0.73 | 0.98 (0.87–1.10), p=0.70 |
| Any STH infection | ||||
| Control | 48/95 (51%) | 65/95 (68%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 38/106 (36%) | 62/106 (58%) | 1.20 (0.84–1.70), p=0.31 | 1.25 (0.87–1.78), p=0.23 |
| Diarrhea | ||||
| Control | 25/196 (13%) | 20/196 (10%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 34/221 (15%) | 20/221 (9.1%) | 0.72 (0.33–1.58), p=0.41 | 0.69 (0.31–1.50), p=0.35 |
| Any Bacteria | ||||
| Control | 109/166 (66%) | 138/166 (83%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 120/192 (63%) | 153/192 (80%) | 1.00 (0.84–1.21), p=0.96 | 1.01 (0.83–1.21), p=0.96 |
| Shigella | ||||
| Control | 66/166 (40%) | 121/166 (73%) | ||
| Intervention | 79/192 (41%) | 136/192 (71%) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22), p=0.60 | 0.93 (0.71–1.22), p=0.60 |
| ETEC | ||||
| Control | 47/166 (28%) | 47/166 (28%) | ||
| Intervention | 58/192 (30%) | 52/192 (27%) | 0.90 (0.55–1.46), p=0.66 | 0.85 (0.52–1.39), p=0.52 |
| Campylobacter | ||||
| Control | 16/166 (9.6%) | 12/166 (7.2%) | ||
| Intervention | 13/192 (6.8%) | 14/192 (7.3%) | 1.44 (0.56–3.72), p=0.45 | 1.52 (0.60–3.83), p=0.37 |
| C. difficile | ||||
| Control | 9/166 (5.4%) | 4/166 (2.4%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 8/192 (4.2%) | 1/192 (0.52%) | 0.28 (0.03–2.95), p=0.29 | 0.26 (0.03–2.59), p=0.25 |
| E. coli O157 | ||||
| Control | 7/166 (4.2%) | 9/166 (5.4%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 9/192 (4.7%) | 8/192 (4.2%) | 0.69 (0.14–3.40), p=0.65 | 0.59 (0.12–2.93), p=0.52 |
| STEC | ||||
| Control | 2/166 (1.2%) | 7/166 (4.2%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 3/192 (1.6%) | 7/192 (3.6%) | 0.66 (0.07–6.20), p=0.72 | 0.58 (0.07–4.89), p=0.61 |
| Y. enterocolitica | ||||
| Control | 0/166 (0.0%) | 0/166 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 0/192 (0.0%) | 1/192 (0.52%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| V. cholerae | ||||
| Control | 0/166 (0.0%) | 0/166 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 0/192 (0.0%) | 0/192 (0.0%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any Protozoa | ||||
| Control | 89/166 (54%) | 121/166 (73%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 109/192 (57%) | 138/192 (72%) | 0.93 (0.73–1.19), p=0.56 | 0.90 (0.69–1.15), p=0.39 |
| Giardia | ||||
| Control | 86/166 (52%) | 120/166 (72%) | ||
| Intervention | 104/192 (54%) | 135/192 (70%) | 0.93 (0.73–1.18), p=0.55 | 0.89 (0.69–1.15), p=0.38 |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||
| Control | 5/166 (3%) | 3/166 (1.8%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 11/192 (5.7%) | 4/192 (2.1%) | 0.57 (0.06–5.38), p=0.62 | 0.55 (0.06–4.93), p=0.59 |
| E. histolytica | ||||
| Control | 0/166 (0.0%) | 0/166 (0.0%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 2/192 (1%) | 8/192 (4.2%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Any virus | ||||
| Control | 21/166 (13%) | 18/166 (11%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 30/192 (16%) | 22/192 (11%) | 0.86 (0.37–1.97), p=0.72 | 0.95 (0.41–2.19), p=0.91 |
| Norovirus GI/GII | ||||
| Control | 15/166 (9%) | 15/166 (9%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 26/192 (14%) | 17/192 (8.8%) | 0.65 (0.25–1.69), p=0.38 | 0.74 (0.28–1.90), p=0.53 |
| Adenovirus 40/41 | ||||
| Control | 6/166 (3.6%) | 1/166 (0.6%) | ||
| Intervention | 5/192 (2.6%) | 5/192 (2.6%) | 6.12 (0.48–78.34), p=0.16 | 6.01 (0.49–73.94), p=0.16 |
| Rotavirus A | ||||
| Control | 1/166 (0.6%) | 2/166 (1.2%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 1/192 (0.52%) | 1/192 (0.52%) | ..‡ | ..‡ |
| Coinfection,≥2 GPP pathogens | ||||
| Control | 89/166 (54%) | 120/166 (72%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 102/192 (53%) | 132/192 (69%) | 0.96 (0.77–1.19), p=0.69 | 0.95 (0.76–1.19), p=0.67 |
| Trichuris | ||||
| Control | 39/95 (41%) | 62/95 (65%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 32/106 (30%) | 57/106 (54%) | 1.11 (0.74–1.67), p=0.60 | 1.16 (0.77–1.75), p=0.47 |
| Ascaris | ||||
| Control | 27/95 (28%) | 34/95 (36%) | ||
| Intervention | 19/106 (18%) | 21/106 (20%) | 0.88 (0.43–1.79), p=0.72 | 0.89 (0.44–1.79), p=0.74 |
| Coinfection,≥2 STH | ||||
| Control | 18/95 (19%) | 31/95 (33%) | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 13/106 (12%) | 16/106 (15%) | 0.71 (0.30–1.70), p=0.44 | 0.72 (0.31–1.69), p=0.46 |
Analysis includes children with complete observations at baseline and 24-month visits. Prevalence results are presented as (n/N (%)). All effect estimates are presented as prevalence ratios (ratio of ratios) with 95% confidence intervals and estimated using generalized estimating equations to fit Poisson regression models with robust standard errors.
* Pathogen outcomes adjusted for child age and sex, caregiver’s education, and household wealth index, reported diarrhea also adjusted for baseline presence of a drop-hole cover and reported use of a tap on compound grounds as primary drinking water source.
† Models would not converge due to sparse data.