Appendix 1—table 3. Baseline enrollment characteristics of children with and without repeated measures at the 12-month phase.
Results are presented for all children combined and stratified by study arm.
| All children | Control | Intervention | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BL and 12M* | BL only† | Std. diff.‡ | BL and 12M | BL only | Std. diff. | BL and 12M | BL only | Std. diff. | |
| Outcomes | |||||||||
| Diarrhea | 83/609 (14%) | 43/365 (12%) | 0.06 | 38/310 (12%) | 29/216 (13%) | 0.03 | 45/299 (15%) | 14/149 (9.4%) | 0.17 |
| Any bacterial or protozoan infection | 376/485 (78%) | 215/268 (80%) | 0.07 | 184/234 (79%) | 129/158 (82%) | 0.08 | 192/251 (76%) | 86/110 (78%) | 0.04 |
| Any GPP infection | 390/485 (80%) | 225/268 (84%) | 0.09 | 188/234 (80%) | 135/158 (85%) | 0.14 | 202/251 (80%) | 90/110 (82%) | 0.03 |
| Any bacterial infection | 311/485 (64%) | 187/268 (70%) | 0.12 | 157/234 (67%) | 114/158 (72%) | 0.11 | 154/251 (61%) | 73/110 (66%) | 0.10 |
| Shigella | 200/485 (41%) | 131/268 (49%) | 0.15 | 101/234 (43%) | 78/158 (49%) | 0.12 | 99/251 (39%) | 53/110 (48%) | 0.18 |
| ETEC | 147/485 (30%) | 79/268 (29%) | 0.02 | 68/234 (29%) | 48/158 (30%) | 0.03 | 79/251 (31%) | 31/110 (28%) | 0.07 |
| Campylobacter | 37/485 (7.6%) | 23/268 (8.6%) | 0.03 | 22/234 (9.4%) | 17/158 (11%) | 0.05 | 15/251 (6%) | 6/110 (5.5%) | 0.02 |
| C. difficile | 23/485 (4.7%) | 12/268 (4.5%) | 0.01 | 15/234 (6.4%) | 7/158 (4.4%) | 0.09 | 8/251 (3.2%) | 5/110 (4.5%) | 0.07 |
| E. coli O157 | 19/485 (3.9%) | 12/268 (4.5%) | 0.03 | 9/234 (3.9%) | 4/158 (2.5%) | 0.07 | 10/251 (4%) | 8/110 (7.3%) | 0.14 |
| STEC | 7/485 (1.4%) | 6/268 (2.2%) | 0.06 | 1/234 (0.43%) | 2/158 (1.3%) | 0.09 | 6/251 (2.4%) | 4/110 (3.6%) | 0.07 |
| Any protozoan infection | 257/485 (53%) | 143/268 (53%) | 0.01 | 126/234 (54%) | 79/158 (50%) | 0.08 | 131/251 (52%) | 64/110 (58%) | 0.12 |
| Giardia | 247/485 (51%) | 140/268 (52%) | 0.03 | 122/234 (52%) | 79/158 (50%) | 0.04 | 125/251 (50%) | 61/110 (55%) | 0.11 |
| Cryptosporidium | 20/485 (4.1%) | 4/268 (1.5%) | 0.16 | 7/234 (3%) | 1/158 (0.63%) | 0.18 | 13/251 (5.2%) | 3/110 (2.7%) | 0.13 |
| E. histolytica | 2/485 (0.41%) | 2/268 (0.75%) | 0.04 | 0/234 (0.0%) | 0/158 (0.0%) | . .** | 2/251 (0.80%) | 2/110 (1.8%) | 0.09 |
| Any viral infection | 66/485 (14%) | 39/268 (15%) | 0.03 | 31/234 (13%) | 22/158 (14%) | 0.02 | 35/251 (14%) | 17/110 (15%) | 0.04 |
| Adenovirus 40/41 | 14/485 (2.9%) | 8/268 (3%) | 0.01 | 8/234 (3.4%) | 5/158 (3.2%) | 0.01 | 6/251 (2.4%) | 3/110 (2.7%) | 0.02 |
| Norovirus GI/GII | 50/485 (10%) | 27/268 (10%) | 0.01 | 23/234 (9.8%) | 15/158 (9.5%) | 0.01 | 27/251 (11%) | 12/110 (11%) | 0.00 |
| Rotavirus A | 5/485 (1%) | 5/268 (1.9%) | 0.07 | 1/234 (0.43%) | 2/158 (1.3%) | 0.09 | 4/251 (1.6%) | 3/110 (2.7%) | 0.08 |
| Coinfection, ≥2 GPP infections | 251/485 (52%) | 140/268 (52%) | 0.01 | 126/234 (54%) | 80/158 (51%) | 0.06 | 125/251 (50%) | 60/110 (55%) | 0.10 |
| Any STH infection | 202/447 (45%) | 106/242 (44%) | 0.03 | 106/218 (49%) | 64/142 (45%) | 0.07 | 96/229 (42%) | 42/100 (42%) | 0.00 |
| Ascaris | 109/447 (24%) | 54/242 (22%) | 0.05 | 65/218 (30%) | 30/142 (21%) | 0.20 | 44/229 (19%) | 24/100 (24%) | 0.12 |
| Trichuris | 170/447 (38%) | 86/242 (36%) | 0.05 | 85/218 (39%) | 54/142 (38%) | 0.02 | 85/229 (37%) | 32/100 (32%) | 0.11 |
| Coinfection,≥2 STH infections | 77/447 (17%) | 34/242 (14%) | 0.09 | 44/218 (20%) | 20/142 (14%) | 0.16 | 33/229 (14%) | 14/100 (14%) | 0.01 |
| Number of GPP infections | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.1) | 0.07 | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.1) | 0.02 | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.2) | 0.14 |
| Number of STH infections | 0.64 (0.77) | 0.58 (0.73) | 0.08 | 0.7 (0.79) | 0.59 (0.73) | 0.14 | 0.59 (0.75) | 0.57 (0.73) | 0.03 |
| Child-, household-, compound-level characteristics | |||||||||
| Child sex, female | 319/614 (52%) | 174/350 (50%) | 0.04 | 169/312 (54%) | 97/208 (47%) | 0.15 | 150/302 (50%) | 77/142 (54%) | 0.09 |
| Child breastfed | 206/609 (34%) | 106/365 (29%) | 0.10 | 107/310 (35%) | 62/216 (29%) | 0.13 | 99/299 (33%) | 44/149 (30%) | 0.08 |
| Child exclusively breastfed | 51/609 (8.4%) | 35/365 (9.6%) | 0.04 | 27/310 (8.7%) | 22/216 (10%) | 0.05 | 24/299 (8%) | 13/149 (8.7%) | 0.03 |
| Child age at survey, days | 697 (409) | 697 (396) | 0.00 | 698 (409) | 703 (400) | 0.01 | 696 (409) | 689 (391) | 0.02 |
| Child age at sampling, days | 668 (399) | 656 (382) | 0.03 | 661 (397) | 655 (395) | 0.02 | 674 (402) | 657 (364) | 0.04 |
| Child wears diapers | 402/609 (66%) | 234/364 (64%) | 0.04 | 209/310 (67%) | 133/216 (62%) | 0.12 | 193/299 (65%) | 101/148 (68%) | 0.08 |
| Child feces disposed in latrine | 173/609 (28%) | 116/365 (32%) | 0.07 | 79/310 (25%) | 69/216 (32%) | 0.14 | 94/299 (31%) | 47/149 (32%) | 0.00 |
| Caregiver completed primary school | 333/614 (54%) | 193/365 (53%) | 0.03 | 163/312 (52%) | 124/216 (57%) | 0.10 | 170/302 (56%) | 69/149 (46%) | 0.20 |
| Mother alive | 576/590 (98%) | 353/358 (99%) | 0.07 | 295/301 (98%) | 208/212 (98%) | 0.01 | 281/289 (97%) | 145/146 (99%) | 0.16 |
| Respondent is child's mother | 414/605 (68%) | 238/357 (67%) | 0.04 | 222/307 (72%) | 146/212 (69%) | 0.08 | 192/298 (64%) | 92/145 (63%) | 0.02 |
| Household floors covered | 575/615 (94%) | 349/368 (95%) | 0.06 | 300/313 (96%) | 211/217 (97%) | 0.08 | 275/302 (91%) | 138/151 (91%) | 0.01 |
| Household walls made of sturdy material | 399/615 (65%) | 243/368 (66%) | 0.02 | 216/313 (69%) | 154/217 (71%) | 0.04 | 183/302 (61%) | 89/151 (59%) | 0.03 |
| Latrine has drop-hole | 359/604 (59%) | 193/364 (53%) | 0.13 | 169/307 (55%) | 109/214 (51%) | 0.08 | 190/297 (64%) | 84/150 (56%) | 0.16 |
| Latrine has vent-pipe | 93/605 (15%) | 44/364 (12%) | 0.10 | 21/308 (6.8%) | 12/214 (5.6%) | 0.05 | 72/297 (24%) | 32/150 (21%) | 0.07 |
| Latrine has ceramic or concrete slab or pedestal | 224/602 (37%) | 133/363 (37%) | 0.01 | 101/305 (33%) | 80/213 (38%) | 0.09 | 123/297 (41%) | 53/150 (35%) | 0.13 |
| Latrine has sturdy walls | 193/605 (32%) | 110/363 (30%) | 0.03 | 84/306 (27%) | 58/215 (27%) | 0.01 | 109/299 (36%) | 52/148 (35%) | 0.03 |
| Water tap on compound grounds | 468/606 (77%) | 285/364 (78%) | 0.03 | 224/308 (73%) | 162/214 (76%) | 0.07 | 244/298 (82%) | 123/150 (82%) | 0.00 |
| Household crowding,≥3 persons/room | 122/615 (20%) | 45/368 (12%) | 0.21 | 55/313 (18%) | 22/217 (10%) | 0.22 | 67/302 (22%) | 23/151 (15%) | 0.18 |
| Compound electricity normally functions | 556/615 (90%) | 331/372 (89%) | 0.05 | 272/313 (87%) | 195/220 (89%) | 0.05 | 284/302 (94%) | 136/152 (89%) | 0.17 |
| Standing water observed in compound | 44/605 (7.3%) | 26/363 (7.2%) | 0.00 | 7/306 (2.3%) | 7/215 (3.3%) | 0.06 | 37/299 (12%) | 19/148 (13%) | 0.01 |
| Leaking or standing wastewater observed in compound | 371/605 (61%) | 233/363 (64%) | 0.06 | 214/306 (70%) | 149/215 (69%) | 0.01 | 157/299 (53%) | 84/148 (57%) | 0.09 |
| Any animal observed | 395/615 (64%) | 226/372 (61%) | 0.07 | 189/313 (60%) | 129/220 (59%) | 0.04 | 206/302 (68%) | 97/152 (64%) | 0.09 |
| Dog observed | 51/615 (8.3%) | 23/372 (6.2%) | 0.08 | 18/313 (5.8%) | 10/220 (4.5%) | 0.05 | 33/302 (11%) | 13/152 (8.6%) | 0.08 |
| Chicken or duck observed | 94/615 (15%) | 36/372 (9.7%) | 0.17 | 43/313 (14%) | 27/220 (12%) | 0.04 | 51/302 (17%) | 9/152 (5.9%) | 0.35 |
| Cat observed | 341/615 (55%) | 205/372 (55%) | 0.01 | 167/313 (53%) | 120/220 (55%) | 0.02 | 174/302 (58%) | 85/152 (56%) | 0.03 |
| Faeces or used diapers observed around compound | 276/605 (46%) | 177/363 (49%) | 0.06 | 166/306 (54%) | 116/215 (54%) | 0.01 | 110/299 (37%) | 61/148 (41%) | 0.09 |
| Compound floods during rain | 377/615 (61%) | 226/372 (61%) | 0.01 | 211/313 (67%) | 137/220 (62%) | 0.11 | 166/302 (55%) | 89/152 (59%) | 0.07 |
| Number of household members | 6.4 (3.3) | 5.6 (2.6) | 0.27 | 6 (3) | 5.2 (2.1) | 0.33 | 6.8 (3.5) | 6.3 (3.1) | 0.18 |
| Household wealth score, 0–1 | 0.43 (0.1) | 0.44 (0.099) | 0.10 | 0.44 (0.1) | 0.45 (0.097) | 0.15 | 0.43 (0.1) | 0.43 (0.1) | 0.01 |
| Number of households in compound | 5.2 (4.6) | 4.7 (4.4) | 0.11 | 4.4 (2.9) | 3.8 (1.7) | 0.21 | 6.1 (5.6) | 6 (6.4) | 0.02 |
| Compound population | 21 (15) | 19 (14) | 0.18 | 17 (8.1) | 15 (6.1) | 0.22 | 26 (18) | 24 (20) | 0.11 |
| Number of water taps in compound | 1.5 (2.2) | 1.2 (1) | 0.22 | 1 (1.1) | 0.97 (0.83) | 0.04 | 2.1 (2.8) | 1.4 (1.2) | 0.30 |
| Number of latrines/drop-holes in compound | 1.1 (0.63) | 1.1 (0.65) | 0.00 | 1 (0.24) | 1 (0.2) | 0.04 | 1.2 (0.86) | 1.3 (0.97) | 0.03 |
| Compound population density | 0.084 (0.046) | 0.078 (0.045) | 0.13 | 0.076 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.039) | 0.14 | 0.092 (0.051) | 0.089 (0.05) | 0.06 |
Results are presented as prevalence (n/N (%)) or mean (standard deviation) at baseline.
*Prevalence (or mean (SD)) for children with repeated observations at baseline and 12-month visits.
†Prevalence (or mean (SD)) for children with observations at baseline visit and not the 12-month visit.
‡Standardized mean difference between observations of children with and without repeated measures at baseline and 12-month visits.
§ Could not be calculated.