Appendix 1—table 4. Baseline enrollment characteristics of children with and without repeated measures at the 24-month phase.
Results are presented for all children combined and stratified by study arm.
| All children | Control | Intervention | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BL and 24M* | BL only† | Std. Diff.‡ | BL and 24M | BL only | Std. Diff. | BL and 24M | BL only | Std. Diff. | |
| Outcomes | |||||||||
| Diarrhea | 75/504 (15%) | 51/470 (11%) | 0.12 | 35/244 (14%) | 32/282 (11%) | 0.09 | 40/260 (15%) | 19/188 (10%) | 0.16 |
| Any bacterial or protozoan infection | 310/394 (79%) | 281/359 (78%) | 0.01 | 144/183 (79%) | 169/209 (81%) | 0.05 | 166/211 (79%) | 112/150 (75%) | 0.09 |
| Any GPP infection | 322/394 (82%) | 293/359 (82%) | 0.00 | 148/183 (81%) | 175/209 (84%) | 0.07 | 174/211 (82%) | 118/150 (79%) | 0.10 |
| Any bacterial infection | 251/394 (64%) | 247/359 (69%) | 0.11 | 120/183 (66%) | 151/209 (72%) | 0.14 | 131/211 (62%) | 96/150 (64%) | 0.04 |
| Shigella | 158/394 (40%) | 173/359 (48%) | 0.16 | 74/183 (40%) | 105/209 (50%) | 0.20 | 84/211 (40%) | 68/150 (45%) | 0.11 |
| ETEC | 115/394 (29%) | 111/359 (31%) | 0.04 | 53/183 (29%) | 63/209 (30%) | 0.03 | 62/211 (29%) | 48/150 (32%) | 0.06 |
| Campylobacter | 31/394 (7.9%) | 29/359 (8.1%) | 0.01 | 18/183 (9.8%) | 21/209 (10%) | 0.01 | 13/211 (6.2%) | 8/150 (5.3%) | 0.04 |
| C. difficile | 18/394 (4.6%) | 17/359 (4.7%) | 0.01 | 10/183 (5.5%) | 12/209 (5.7%) | 0.01 | 8/211 (3.8%) | 5/150 (3.3%) | 0.02 |
| E. coli O157 | 17/394 (4.3%) | 14/359 (3.9%) | 0.02 | 7/183 (3.8%) | 6/209 (2.9%) | 0.05 | 10/211 (4.7%) | 8/150 (5.3%) | 0.03 |
| STEC | 6/394 (1.5%) | 7/359 (1.9%) | 0.03 | 2/183 (1.1%) | 1/209 (0.48%) | 0.07 | 4/211 (1.9%) | 6/150 (4%) | 0.12 |
| Any protozoan infection | 214/394 (54%) | 186/359 (52%) | 0.05 | 96/183 (52%) | 109/209 (52%) | 0.01 | 118/211 (56%) | 77/150 (51%) | 0.09 |
| Giardia | 204/394 (52%) | 183/359 (51%) | 0.02 | 92/183 (50%) | 109/209 (52%) | 0.04 | 112/211 (53%) | 74/150 (49%) | 0.08 |
| Cryptosporidium | 20/394 (5.1%) | 4/359 (1.1%) | 0.23 | 7/183 (3.8%) | 1/209 (0.48%) | 0.23 | 13/211 (6.2%) | 3/150 (2%) | 0.21 |
| E. histolytica | 2/394 (0.51%) | 2/359 (0.56%) | 0.01 | 0/183 (0.0%) | 0/209 (0.0%) | ..§ | 2/211 (0.95%) | 2/150 (1.3%) | 0.04 |
| Any viral infection | 55/394 (14%) | 50/359 (14%) | 0.00 | 22/183 (12%) | 31/209 (15%) | 0.08 | 33/211 (16%) | 19/150 (13%) | 0.09 |
| Adenovirus 40/41 | 14/394 (3.5%) | 8/359 (2.2%) | 0.08 | 7/183 (3.8%) | 6/209 (2.9%) | 0.05 | 7/211 (3.3%) | 2/150 (1.3%) | 0.13 |
| Norovirus GI/GII | 42/394 (11%) | 35/359 (9.8%) | 0.03 | 15/183 (8.2%) | 23/209 (11%) | 0.10 | 27/211 (13%) | 12/150 (8%) | 0.16 |
| Rotavirus A | 3/394 (0.76%) | 7/359 (1.9%) | 0.10 | 1/183 (0.55%) | 2/209 (0.96%) | 0.05 | 2/211 (0.95%) | 5/150 (3.3%) | 0.17 |
| Coinfection,≥2 GPP infections | 206/394 (52%) | 185/359 (52%) | 0.02 | 97/183 (53%) | 109/209 (52%) | 0.02 | 109/211 (52%) | 76/150 (51%) | 0.02 |
| Any STH infection | 156/362 (43%) | 152/327 (46%) | 0.07 | 80/171 (47%) | 90/189 (48%) | 0.02 | 76/191 (40%) | 62/138 (45%) | 0.10 |
| Ascaris | 85/362 (23%) | 78/327 (24%) | 0.01 | 50/171 (29%) | 45/189 (24%) | 0.12 | 35/191 (18%) | 33/138 (24%) | 0.14 |
| Trichuris | 128/362 (35%) | 128/327 (39%) | 0.08 | 63/171 (37%) | 76/189 (40%) | 0.07 | 65/191 (34%) | 52/138 (38%) | 0.08 |
| Coinfection,≥2 STH infections | 57/362 (16%) | 54/327 (17%) | 0.02 | 33/171 (19%) | 31/189 (16%) | 0.08 | 24/191 (13%) | 23/138 (17%) | 0.12 |
| Number of GPP infections | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.04 | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.1) | 0.10 | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.01 |
| Number of STH infections | 0.61 (0.75) | 0.64 (0.76) | 0.04 | 0.67 (0.78) | 0.65 (0.75) | 0.03 | 0.55 (0.72) | 0.63 (0.77) | 0.10 |
| Child-, household-, compound-level characteristics | |||||||||
| Child sex, female | 260/503 (52%) | 233/461 (51%) | 0.02 | 124/241 (51%) | 142/279 (51%) | 0.01 | 136/262 (52%) | 91/182 (50%) | 0.04 |
| Child breastfed | 172/504 (34%) | 140/470 (30%) | 0.09 | 87/244 (36%) | 82/282 (29%) | 0.14 | 85/260 (33%) | 58/188 (31%) | 0.04 |
| Child exclusively breastfed | 35/504 (6.9%) | 51/470 (11%) | 0.14 | 19/244 (7.8%) | 30/282 (11%) | 0.10 | 16/260 (6.2%) | 21/188 (11%) | 0.18 |
| Child age at survey, days | 698 (403) | 696 (405) | 0.01 | 689 (400) | 709 (410) | 0.05 | 707 (406) | 675 (398) | 0.08 |
| Child age at sampling, days | 675 (406) | 651 (379) | 0.06 | 666 (403) | 652 (390) | 0.04 | 682 (409) | 650 (364) | 0.08 |
| Child wears diapers | 343/504 (68%) | 293/469 (62%) | 0.12 | 171/244 (70%) | 171/282 (61%) | 0.20 | 172/260 (66%) | 122/187 (65%) | 0.02 |
| Child feces disposed in latrine | 138/504 (27%) | 151/470 (32%) | 0.10 | 57/244 (23%) | 91/282 (32%) | 0.20 | 81/260 (31%) | 60/188 (32%) | 0.02 |
| Caregiver completed primary school | 274/507 (54%) | 252/472 (53%) | 0.01 | 131/245 (53%) | 156/283 (55%) | 0.03 | 143/262 (55%) | 96/189 (51%) | 0.08 |
| Mother alive | 474/486 (98%) | 455/462 (98%) | 0.07 | 232/236 (98%) | 271/277 (98%) | 0.03 | 242/250 (97%) | 184/185 (99%) | 0.20 |
| Respondent is child's mother | 337/500 (67%) | 315/462 (68%) | 0.02 | 173/241 (72%) | 195/278 (70%) | 0.04 | 164/259 (63%) | 120/184 (65%) | 0.04 |
| Household floors covered | 469/507 (93%) | 455/476 (96%) | 0.13 | 233/245 (95%) | 278/285 (98%) | 0.13 | 236/262 (90%) | 177/191 (93%) | 0.09 |
| Household walls made of sturdy material | 337/507 (66%) | 305/476 (64%) | 0.05 | 184/245 (75%) | 186/285 (65%) | 0.22 | 153/262 (58%) | 119/191 (62%) | 0.08 |
| Latrine has drop-hole | 294/497 (59%) | 258/471 (55%) | 0.09 | 133/239 (56%) | 145/282 (51%) | 0.08 | 161/258 (62%) | 113/189 (60%) | 0.05 |
| Latrine has vent-pipe | 80/497 (16%) | 57/472 (12%) | 0.12 | 18/239 (7.5%) | 15/283 (5.3%) | 0.09 | 62/258 (24%) | 42/189 (22%) | 0.04 |
| Latrine has ceramic or concrete slab or pedestal | 184/494 (37%) | 173/471 (37%) | 0.01 | 77/236 (33%) | 104/282 (37%) | 0.09 | 107/258 (41%) | 69/189 (37%) | 0.10 |
| Latrine has sturdy walls | 165/501 (33%) | 138/467 (30%) | 0.07 | 67/240 (28%) | 75/281 (27%) | 0.03 | 98/261 (38%) | 63/186 (34%) | 0.08 |
| Water tap on compound grounds | 389/498 (78%) | 364/472 (77%) | 0.02 | 171/239 (72%) | 215/283 (76%) | 0.10 | 218/259 (84%) | 149/189 (79%) | 0.14 |
| Household crowding,≥3 persons/room | 114/507 (22%) | 53/476 (11%) | 0.31 | 45/245 (18%) | 32/285 (11%) | 0.20 | 69/262 (26%) | 21/191 (11%) | 0.40 |
| Compound electricity normally functions | 454/507 (90%) | 433/480 (90%) | 0.02 | 214/245 (87%) | 253/288 (88%) | 0.02 | 240/262 (92%) | 180/192 (94%) | 0.08 |
| Standing water observed in compound | 39/501 (7.8%) | 31/467 (6.6%) | 0.04 | 7/240 (2.9%) | 7/281 (2.5%) | 0.03 | 32/261 (12%) | 24/186 (13%) | 0.02 |
| Leaking or standing wastewater observed in compound | 308/501 (61%) | 296/467 (63%) | 0.04 | 164/240 (68%) | 199/281 (71%) | 0.05 | 144/261 (55%) | 97/186 (52%) | 0.06 |
| Any animal observed | 337/507 (66%) | 284/480 (59%) | 0.15 | 156/245 (64%) | 162/288 (56%) | 0.15 | 181/262 (69%) | 122/192 (64%) | 0.12 |
| Dog observed | 49/507 (9.7%) | 25/480 (5.2%) | 0.17 | 17/245 (6.9%) | 11/288 (3.8%) | 0.14 | 32/262 (12%) | 14/192 (7.3%) | 0.17 |
| Chicken or duck observed | 71/507 (14%) | 59/480 (12%) | 0.05 | 32/245 (13%) | 38/288 (13%) | 0.00 | 39/262 (15%) | 21/192 (11%) | 0.12 |
| Cat observed | 294/507 (58%) | 252/480 (53%) | 0.11 | 143/245 (58%) | 144/288 (50%) | 0.17 | 151/262 (58%) | 108/192 (56%) | 0.03 |
| Feces or used diapers observed around compound | 218/501 (44%) | 235/467 (50%) | 0.14 | 120/240 (50%) | 162/281 (58%) | 0.15 | 98/261 (38%) | 73/186 (39%) | 0.03 |
| Compound floods during rain | 310/507 (61%) | 293/480 (61%) | 0.00 | 166/245 (68%) | 182/288 (63%) | 0.10 | 144/262 (55%) | 111/192 (58%) | 0.06 |
| Number of household members | 6.7 (3.4) | 5.5 (2.6) | 0.39 | 6.3 (3) | 5.2 (2.2) | 0.42 | 7.1 (3.6) | 6.1 (3) | 0.31 |
| Household wealth score, 0–1 | 0.43 (0.11) | 0.44 (0.097) | 0.12 | 0.44 (0.1) | 0.45 (0.095) | 0.10 | 0.42 (0.11) | 0.43 (0.1) | 0.11 |
| Number of households in compound | 5.3 (4.7) | 4.7 (4.3) | 0.13 | 4.4 (3.1) | 3.9 (1.8) | 0.21 | 6.1 (5.7) | 5.9 (6.2) | 0.03 |
| Compound population | 22 (15) | 18 (14) | 0.26 | 17 (8.1) | 15 (6.5) | 0.27 | 27 (18) | 23 (19) | 0.18 |
| Number of water taps in compound | 1.6 (2.2) | 1.2 (1.3) | 0.24 | 1 (1) | 0.99 (0.92) | 0.02 | 2.2 (2.8) | 1.4 (1.8) | 0.31 |
| Number of latrines in compound | 1.1 (0.62) | 1.1 (0.65) | 0.01 | 1 (0.25) | 1 (0.19) | 0.04 | 1.2 (0.82) | 1.3 (0.99) | 0.08 |
| Compound population density | 0.084 (0.049) | 0.079 (0.042) | 0.13 | 0.072 (0.038) | 0.075 (0.04) | 0.05 | 0.096 (0.055) | 0.084 (0.044) | 0.23 |
Results are presented as prevalence (n/N (%)) or mean (standard deviation) at baseline.
*Prevalence (or mean (SD)) for children with repeated observations at baseline and 24-month visits.
†Prevalence (or mean (SD)) for children with observations at the baseline visit and not the 24-month visit.
‡Standardized mean difference between observations of children with and without repeated measures at baseline and 24-month visits.
§Could not be calculated.