Appendix 1—table 9. Confounding assessment for primary outcome and both secondary outcomes (any STH, diarrhea) at 12 months.
| n/N (%) or mean (SD) at Baseline | Std diff.* | Primary outcome Unadjusted† | Primary outcome Adjusted‡ | Any STH Unadjusted† | Any STH Adjusted‡ | Diarrhea Unadjusted† | Diarrhea Adjusted‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Control | Inter-vention. | Comparator PR: 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | Comparator aPR: 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | Comparator PR: 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | Comparator aPR: 1.11 (0.90–1.38) | Comparator PR: 1.41 (0.80–2.48) | Comparator aPR: 1.32 (0.75–2.33) | |
| Female | 266/520 (51%) | 227/444 (51%) | 0.00 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.39 (0.79–2.46) | 1.32 (0.75–2.33) |
| Any breastfeeding | 169/526 (32%) | 143/448 (32%) | 0.00 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.11 (0.90–1.38) | 1.11 (0.90–1.38) | 1.39 (0.79–2.45) | 1.33 (0.75–2.35) |
| Caregiver completed primary school | 287/528 (54%) | 239/451 (53%) | 0.03 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.12 (0.90–1.41) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.40 (0.80–2.48) | 1.32 (0.75–2.33) |
| Respondent is mother | 368/519 (71%) | 284/443 (64%) | 0.15 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.13 (0.90–1.42) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.37 (0.78–2.42) | 1.29 (0.73–2.28) |
| Household floors covered | 511/530 (96%) | 413/453 (91%) | 0.22 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 1.39 (0.79–2.47) | 1.32 (0.74–2.34) |
| Household walls made of sturdy material | 370/530 (70%) | 272/453 (60%) | 0.21 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.41 (0.80–2.48) | 1.32 (0.75–2.33) |
| Drinking water source in compound | 386/522 (74%) | 367/448 (82%) | 0.19 | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.08 (0.85–1.36) | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) | 1.65 (0.89–3.06) | 1.59 (0.85–2.95) |
| Faeces visible around compound grounds | 282/521 (54%) | 171/447 (38%) | 0.32 | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | 1.43 (0.81–2.54) | 1.35 (0.76–2.40) |
| Compound floods when it rains | 348/533 (65%) | 255/454 (56%) | 0.19 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.41 (0.80–2.49) | 1.32 (0.74–2.33) |
| Latrine drop-hole has cover | 278/521 (53%) | 274/447 (61%) | 0.16 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | 1.08 (0.85–1.36) | 1.74 (0.92–3.30) | 1.69 (0.89–3.20) |
| Latrine has ceramic/concrete slab or pedestal | 181/518 (35%) | 176/447 (39%) | 0.09 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.93–1.15) | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 1.71 (0.90–3.24) | 1.65 (0.87–3.14) |
| Latrine walls made of sturdy material | 142/521 (27%) | 161/447 (36%) | 0.19 | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | 1.42 (0.80–2.51) | 1.33 (0.75–2.37) |
| Standing water observed around compound | 14/521 (2.7%) | 56/447 (13%) | 0.38 | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 1.42 (0.80–2.51) | 1.34 (0.75–2.38) |
| Leaking or standing wastewater observed around grounds | 363/521 (70%) | 241/447 (54%) | 0.33 | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | 1.42 (0.80–2.51) | 1.34 (0.75–2.38) |
| Compound has electricity that normally functions | 467/533 (88%) | 420/454 (93%) | 0.16 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.41 (0.80–2.48) | 1.32 (0.75–2.34) |
| Any animal observed in compound | 318/533 (60%) | 303/454 (67%) | 0.15 | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | 1.39 (0.79–2.44) | 1.29 (0.73–2.28) |
| Dog observed | 28/533 (5.3%) | 46/454 (10%) | 0.18 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.13 (0.90–1.41) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 1.38 (0.79–2.40) | 1.30 (0.75–2.27) |
| Chicken or duck observed | 70/533 (13%) | 60/454 (13%) | 0.00 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.12 (0.90–1.41) | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | 1.37 (0.78–2.40) | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) |
| Cat observed | 287/533 (54%) | 259/454 (57%) | 0.06 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 1.13 (0.91–1.41) | 1.39 (0.79–2.45) | 1.30 (0.74–2.29) |
| Compound density, terciles | 0.40 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.10 (0.88–1.38) | 1.10 (0.89–1.38) | 1.43 (0.81–2.50) | 1.32 (0.75–2.33) | ||
| 0 (least dense) | 199/519 (38%) | 120/447 (27%) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1 | 191/519 (37%) | 137/447 (31%) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 2 (most dense) | 129/519 (25%) | 190/447 (43%) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Child age at survey, days | 700 (405) | 694 (403) | 0.02 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.33 (0.76–2.34) | 1.32 (0.75–2.33) |
| Child age at sample, days | 659 (396) | 669 (391) | 0.03 | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | - | - |
| Cumulative monthly rainfall at survey, mm | 22 (23) | 23 (24) | 0.07 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.39 (0.79–2.44) | 1.30 (0.74–2.29) |
| Cumulative monthly rainfall at sample, mm | 25 (30) | 32 (38) | 0.19 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) | 1.13 (0.90–1.41) | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | .. | .. |
| Survey collected during rainy season | 155/526 (29%) | 222/448 (50%) | 0.42 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.44 (0.81–2.54) | 1.34 (0.76–2.38) |
| Sample collected during rainy season | 136/409 (33%) | 183/370 (49%) | 0.33 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | .. | .. |
| Wealth score | 0.44 (0.1) | 0.43 (0.1) | 0.16 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.39 (0.79–2.46) | 1.32 (0.75–2.33) |
| Number of household residents | 5.7 (2.7) | 6.6 (3.4) | 0.32 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.13 (0.90–1.41) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 1.38 (0.78–2.44) | 1.31 (0.74–2.31) |
| Number of Compound residents | 16 (7.3) | 25 (19) | 0.64 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.10 (0.88–1.37) | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | 1.39 (0.79–2.45) | 1.31 (0.74–2.32) |
| Number of households in compound | 4.1 (2.5) | 6.1 (5.9) | 0.42 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.11 (0.89–1.37) | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | 1.40 (0.79–2.46) | 1.31 (0.74–2.32) |
| Number of compound latrines | 1.0 (0.22) | 1.2 (0.9) | 0.33 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 1.40 (0.79–2.47) | 1.33 (0.75–2.35) |
| Number of compound waterpoints | 0.99 (0.98) | 1.9 (2.4) | 0.47 | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.13 (0.91–1.42) | 1.12 (0.90–1.39) | 1.45 (0.82–2.56) | 1.37 (0.77–2.43) |
*Standardized difference between arms in baseline covariates. † Compared with 12-month unadjusted prevalence ratio (12 month difference-in-difference estimator). ‡ Compared with 12-month prevalence ratio adjusted for a priori covariates child age, sex, caregiver education, and poverty (wealth score).