Table 2. Effect of the intervention on bacterial, protozoan, viral, and STH infection and diarrhea at 12 and 24 months post-intervention.
Table 2—source code 1. Intervention effect at 12 and 24 months.
elife-62278-table2-code1.zip (1.3KB, zip)
Table 2—source data 1. Intervention effect at 12 and 24 months.
elife-62278-table2-data1.xlsx (314.1KB, xlsx)
| Prevalence | 12-month Prevalence ratio (95% CI), p-value * | 24-month Prevalence ratio (95% CI), p-value† | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 month | 24 month | Unadjusted | Adjusted§ | Unadjusted | Adjusted§ | |
| Any bacterial or protozoan infection‡ | |||||||
| Control | 313/392 (80%) | 334/395 (85%) | 403/459 (88%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 278/361 (77%) | 347/408 (85%) | 392/462 (85%) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15), p=0.41 | 1.04 (0.94–1.15), p=0.41 | 1.00 (0.91–1.10), p=1.0 | 0.99 (0.91–1.09), p=0.89 |
| Any STH infection‡ | |||||||
| Control | 170/360 (47%) | 143/283 (51%) | 142/253 (56%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 138/329 (42%) | 150/305 (49%) | 136/292 (47%) | 1.12 (0.89–1.40), p=0.33 | 1.11 (0.89–1.38), p=0.35 | 0.94 (0.75–1.17), p=0.59 | 0.95 (0.77–1.17), p=0.62 |
| Diarrhea‡ | |||||||
| Control | 67/526 (13%) | 40/430 (9.3%) | 53/390 (14%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 59/448 (13%) | 59/436 (14%) | 53/410 (13%) | 1.41 (0.80–2.48), p=0.24 | 1.69 (0.89–3.21), p=0.11 | 0.92 (0.55–1.54), p=0.76 | 0.84 (0.47–1.51), p=0.56 |
| Any bacteria | |||||||
| Control | 271/392 (69%) | 285/395 (72%) | 345/459 (75%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 227/361 (63%) | 292/408 (72%) | 324/462 (70%) | 1.09 (0.95–1.25), p=0.25 | 1.09 (0.95–1.26), p=0.20 | 1.03 (0.90–1.18), p=0.69 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15), p=0.96 |
| Shigella | |||||||
| Control | 179/392 (46%) | 204/395 (52%) | 269/459 (59%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 152/361 (42%) | 218/408 (53%) | 245/462 (53%) | 1.13 (0.91–1.39), p=0.28 | 1.12 (0.92–1.38), p=0.27 | 0.98 (0.80–1.20), p=0.86 | 0.95 (0.79–1.16), p=0.64 |
| ETEC | |||||||
| Control | 116/392 (30%) | 142/395 (36%) | 127/459 (28%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 110/361 (30%) | 143/408 (35%) | 126/462 (27%) | 0.93 (0.68–1.28), p=0.66 | 0.96 (0.69–1.33), p=0.81 | 0.95 (0.67–1.35), p=0.77 | 0.83 (0.57–1.19), p=0.31 |
| Campylobacter | |||||||
| Control | 39/392 (9.9%) | 32/395 (8.1%) | 48/459 (10%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 21/361 (5.8%) | 35/408 (8.6%) | 34/462 (7.4%) | 1.78 (0.89–3.56), p=0.10 | 1.68 (0.82–3.45), p=0.16 | 1.20 (0.60–2.39), p=0.60 | 1.28 (0.62–2.62), 0.50 |
| C. difficile | |||||||
| Control | 22/392 (5.6%) | 13/395 (3.3%) | 13/459 (2.8%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 13/361 (3.6%) | 17/408 (4.2%) | 11/462 (2.4%) | 1.95 (0.71–5.35), p=0.20 | 2.09 (0.77–5.64), p=0.15 | 1.32 (0.47–3.73), p=0.60 | 1.41 (0.46–4.30), p=0.54 |
| E. coli O157 | |||||||
| Control | 13/392 (3.3%) | 19/395 (4.8%) | 25/459 (5.5%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 18/361 (5.0%) | 14/408 (3.4%) | 16/462 (3.5%) | 0.48 (0.18–1.27), p=0.14 | 0.46 (0.18–1.21), p=0.12 | 0.43 (0.15–1.29), p=0.13 | 0.52 (0.17–1.59), p=0.25 |
| STEC | |||||||
| Control | 3/392 (0.77%) | 9/395 (2.3%) | 17/459 (3.7%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 10/361 (2.8%) | 5/408 (1.2%) | 15/462 (3.3%) | 0.14 (0.03–0.67), p=0.014 | 0.15 (0.03–0.70), p=0.016 | 0.23 (0.05–1.03), p=0.055 | 0.24 (0.05–1.01), p=0.052 |
| Any protozoa | |||||||
| Control | 205/392 (52%) | 236/395 (60%) | 303/459 (66%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 195/361 (54%) | 259/408 (63%) | 296/462 (64%) | 1.04 (0.87–1.24), p=0.69 | 1.03 (0.86–1.22), p=0.76 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11), p=0.40 | 0.91 (0.76–1.09), p=0.29 |
| Giardia | |||||||
| Control | 201/392 (51%) | 230/395 (58%) | 294/459 (64%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 186/361 (52%) | 251/408 (62%) | 289/462 (63%) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27), p=0.55 | 1.05 (0.88–1.25), p=0.58 | 0.96 (0.80–1.14), p=0.61 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11), p=0.44 |
| Cryptosporidium | |||||||
| Control | 8/392 (2%) | 8/395 (2%) | 14/459 (3.0%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 16/361 (4.4%) | 15/408 (3.7%) | 15/462 (3.3%) | 0.89 (0.23–3.43), p=0.87 | 0.89 (0.24–3.31), p=0.86 | 0.46 (0.11–1.93), p=0.29 | 0.53 (0.13–2.14), p=0.37 |
| Any virus | |||||||
| Control | 53/392 (14%) | 52/395 (13%) | 59/459 (13%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 52/361 (14%) | 45/408 (11%) | 62/462 (13%) | 0.77 (0.45–1.32), p=0.35 | 0.75 (0.44–1.27), p=0.29 | 0.96 (0.55–1.68), p=0.88 | 1.03 (0.57–1.86), p=0.92 |
| Norovirus GI/GII | |||||||
| Control | 38/392 (9.7%) | 44/395 (11%) | 47/459 (10%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 39/361 (11%) | 37/408 (9.1%) | 55/462 (12%) | 0.71 (0.38–1.33), p=0.28 | 0.68 (0.36–1.27), p=0.23 | 1.00 (0.52–1.93), p=0.99 | 1.10 (0.55–2.18), p=0.79 |
| Adenovirus 40/41 | |||||||
| Control | 13/392 (3.3%) | 9/395 (2.3%) | 7/459 (1.5%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 9/361 (2.5%) | 9/408 (2.2%) | 6/462 (1.3%) | 1.34 (0.34–5.23), p=0.68 | 1.24 (0.32–4.83), p=0.76 | 1.18 (0.23–5.98), p=0.84 | 0.97 (0.18–5.19), p=0.97 |
| Coinfection, ≥2 GPP pathogens | |||||||
| Control | 206/392 (53%) | 237/395 (60%) | 302/459 (66%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 185/361 (51%) | 257/408 (63%) | 282/462 (61%) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29), p=0.39 | 1.08 (0.91–1.29), p=0.37 | 0.95 (0.80–1.12), p=0.54 | 0.93 (0.79–1.10), p=0.41 |
| Trichuris | |||||||
| Control | 139/360 (39%) | 116/283 (41%) | 124/253 (49%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 117/329 (36%) | 120/305 (39%) | 117/292 (40%) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35), p=0.68 | 1.01 (0.79–1.28), p=0.96 | 0.89 (0.69–1.16), p=0.40 | 0.86 (0.67–1.10), p=0.22 |
| Ascaris | |||||||
| Control | 95/360 (26%) | 82/283 (29%) | 78/253 (31%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 68/329 (21%) | 87/305 (29%) | 56/292 (19%) | 1.26 (0.87–1.82), p=0.22 | 1.33 (0.92–1.93), p=0.13 | 0.80 (0.52–1.21), p=29 | 0.83 (0.54–1.27), p=0.39 |
| Coinfection, ≥2 STH | |||||||
| Control | 64/360 (18%) | 55/283 (19%) | 60/253 (24%) | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Intervention | 47/329 (14%) | 57/305 (19%) | 37/292 (13%) | 1.16 (0.76–1.77), p=0.50 | 1.17 (0.76–1.79), p=0.49 | 0.67 (0.40–1.13), p=0.13 | 0.63 (0.37–1.07), p=0.084 |
Prevalence results are presented as (n/N (%)). All effect estimates are presented as prevalence ratios (ratio of ratios) and estimated using generalized estimating equations to fit Poisson regression models with robust standard errors.
*Analysis includes all children measured at baseline and 12-month visits.
†Analysis includes all children measured at baseline and 24 month visits.
‡Outcome was pre-specified in trial registration. All other outcomes are exploratory.
§Pathogen outcomes adjusted for child age and sex, caregiver’s education, and household wealth index. Reported diarrhea was also adjusted for baseline presence of a drop-hole cover and reported use of a tap on compound grounds as primary drinking water source. Sample sizes for adjusted analyses are slightly smaller than numbers presented in prevalence estimates due to missing covariate data. Y. enterocolitica, V. cholerae, E. histolytica, and rotavirus were detected in <2% of samples in each arm at each phase. Descriptive data for these pathogens are available in the Appendix 1—table 2. Source files available in Table 2—source data 1 and Table 2—source code 1.