Table 3.

Anti-inflammatory functions.

Biomarkers	Model	Reference
Declined NO, PGE2, TNF-α, and other cytokine release activities	RAW 264.7 cells	Dong et al. [44]; Ma et al. [41]
Reduced CD68 and F4/80 mRNA levels	Raw 264.7	Hoo et al. [45]
Enhanced SOD and TGF-β contents	Type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model	EIsherbiny et al. [40]
Reduced IκBα and NF-κB p65 protein translational levels and alleviated insulin resistance	db/db obese mice	Hoo et al. [45]
Alleviated inflammatory responses and cytokine levels via attenuating Erk1/2 and NF-κB pathways	Hepatocyte cell line; HUVEC	Figarola et al. [46]; Kim et al. [47]; Cheng et al. [48]; Xu et al. [49]