Fig. 3.

Multiple sequence alignment of partially homologous β-tubulin genes of human and non-human filariids, which are involved in benzimidazole susceptibility. The retrieved nucleotide sequences (accession no. and positions): Brugia malayi (Bm) (BRQD553TR, 3–789), Brugia pahangi (Bp) (M36380, 2267–3054), Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb) (AY705383, 109–916), Onchocerca volvulus (Ov) (AF019886, 1582–2400), and Dirofilaria immitis (Di) (HM596854, 1462–2244) are shown as coding (upper case) and non-coding (lower case) sequences. The gap (insertion/deletion) was generated to maximize the homology representing conserved (•) and degenerate nucleotide residues. The deduced amino acid sequences (Thr107 to Leu234) of conserved β-tubulin homologs of all taxa are shown along with the amino acid substitutions (blue color-dashed boxes). The primers that specifically annealed to the regions of target L₃ gDNAs of B. malayi (Bmtubb), B. pahangi (Bptubb), D. immitis (Ditubb), and W. bancrofti (Wbtubb), and their direction of amplification (arrows) are shown. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)