Table 1.

Resistance index of Candida strains to antifungal agents in different countries

Country	Clinical specimen	Resistance index	References
Argentina	Vulvovaginal	Fluconazole (3.55% C. albicans)	[227]
Brazil	Saliva and oropharyngeal	Fluconazole (27% C. albicans)	[228]
Brazil	blood	Fluconazol (6% C. glabrata; 7.3% C. tropicalis) Voriconazol (4.9% C. tropicalis)	[229]
Canada	blood	Fluconazole (0.6 % C. albicans; 1% C. glabrata; 4.9% C. parapsilosis complex) Micafungin (0.1% C. albicans; 2.5% C. glabrata)	[230]
China	Invasive candidiasis	Fluconazole (20% C. albicans; 11% C. glabrata; 29.7% C. tropicalis; 20% C. parapsilosis) Itraconazole (28.2% C. albicans; 6.8% C. glabrata; 40.5 % C. tropicalis; 33.4% C. krusei; 20% C. parapsilosis) Voriconazole (23.6% C. albicans; 6.8% C. glabrata; 27% C. tropicalis; 25% C. krusei; 20% C. parapsilosis)	[231]
Ghana	vulvovaginal	Fluconazole (50% C. albicans; 12 % C. glabrata; 1% C. parapsilosis) Niatatin (4%C. glabrata; 1% C. krusei) Voriconazole (7% C. albicans; 11% C. glabrata; 1% C. krusei; 1% C. parapsilosis)	[232]
Iran	oropharyngeal	ketoconazole (93.75% C. albicans; 89.28% of Candida non-albicans Candida species) Fluconazole (62.50% C. albicans; 42.85% Candida non-albicans Candida species)	[233]
Ireland	blood	Fluconazole (2% C. albicans; 37 % C. glabrata Itraconazole (5% C. albicans; 21% C. glabrata; Flucytosine (3% C. albicans) Amphotericin B (14% C. glabrata)	[234]
Italy	blood	Fluconazole (1.2% C. albicans; 12% C. glabrata; 6% C. parapsilosis, 10% C. tropicalis) Itraconazole (2% C. albicans; 25% C. glabrata; 0.7% C. parapsilosis, 3.9% C. tropicalis) Voriconazole (1.4% C. albicans; 0.7% C. parapsilosis, 1.9% C. tropicalis) Anidulafungin (0.5% C. glabrata; 1.9% C. tropicalis) Caspofungin (0.5% C. glabrata; 1.9% C. tropicalis)	[235]
Peru	blood	Fluconazole (C. parapsilosis 2,3%) Voriconazole (5% C. albicans)	[236]
Peru	blood	Fluconazole (2.2% C. albicans; 5% C. parapsilosis)	[237]
Saudi Arabia	blood	Fluconazole (23% C. albicans; 27.8% C. tropicalis; 51.7% C. glabrata; 48% C. parapsilosis) Voriconazole (17% C. albicans; 12,5% C. tropicalis; 21.7% C. glabrata; 2% C. parapsilosis; 6% C. krusei) Amphotericin B (2% C. albicans; 23.5% C. krusei) Caspofungin (23% C. albicans; 4.2% C. tropicalis; 3.3% C. glabrata; 6% C. krusei)	[238]
Scotland	blood	Fluconazole (5.26% C. glabrata)	[239]
Spain	blood	Fluconazole (0.3% C. albicans; 6.6% C. tropicalis; 10.8% C. glabrata; 0.9% C. parapsilosis) Voriconazole (6.6% C. tropicalis) Caspofungin (0.7% C. albicans; 1.08% C. glabrata) Micafungin (0.35% C. albicans)	[240]
Taiwan	blood	Fluconazole (13.9% C. tropicalis; 3.1% C. glabrata; 6.1% C. parapsilosis) Voriconazole (10.7% C. tropicalis) Caspofungina (2.5% C. tropicalis; 2.1% C. glabrata) Micafungina (2.5% C. tropicalis; 5.2% C. glabrata) Anidulafungina (1.6% C. tropicalis; 5.2% C. glabrata)	[241]
Turkey	blood	Fluconazole (2.8 % C. glabrata)	[242]
USA	blood	Fluconazole (0.3% C. albicans; 8.6% C. glabrata; 7.6% C. parapsilosis; 4.2% C. tropicalis) Voriconazole (0.1% C. albicans; 2.1% C. parapsilosis; 2.1% C. tropicalis) Echinocandins (0.4% C. albicans; 4.4% C. glabrata; 2.6% C. krusei)	[243]
Pakistan, India, South Africa, and Venezuela	blood, urine, soft tissue and other	Fluconazole (93% C. auris) Amphotericin B (35% C. auris) Echinocandins (7% C. auris) Flucytosine (6% C. auris)	[115]
Southern Asian, South African and Japanese/Korean	Nosocamial infection	Amphotericin B (14.6% C. auris) Fluconazole (100% C. auris) Itraconazole (4.6% C. auris) Voriconazole (48.3% C. auris) Posaconazole (12.8% C. auris) Isavuconazole (5.9% C. auris) Anidulafungin (C. auris 6.8%) Nistatina 3.6% (C. auris)	[244]
USA	blood, urine and extern ear channel	Fluconazole (71.4% C. auris) Voriconazole (14.2 C. auris) Amphotericin B (14.2% C. auris)	[245]
Spain	Urine and blood	Fluconazole (100% C. auris) Voriconazole (17.9% C. auris) Isavuconazole (1.8% C. auris) Anidulafungin (3.6% C. auris)	[246]