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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Cell Biol. 2021 Apr 26;23(5):450–456. doi: 10.1038/s41556-021-00669-y

Fig. 1. Overview of autophagosome formation.

Fig. 1

Autophagy cargoes such as damaged organelles, protein aggregates and intracellular pathogens are recognized by cargo receptors such as p62, NDP52, TAX1BP1, and OPTN, most commonly through modification with ubiquitin (Ub), as well as the presence of other signals such as Galectin-8. Core autophagy complexes (ULK1c, PI3KC3-C1, ATG12–ATG5–16L1) are recruited to the nascent phagophore through interactions with cargo receptors, the phagophore membrane, and one another in a positive feedback mechanism. Phagophore expansion is driven by lipid flux through ATG2. Autophagosome closure is mediated in part by assembly of ESCRT-I proteins in a ring at the aperture of the closing phagophore.