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. 2021 Apr 22;22(9):4368. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094368

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Major recognized functional effects of seminal plasma (SP) in vivo. In the male (left panel), the cytoplasmic sperm cytoplasmic droplet is lost at ejaculation, and SP promotes forward motility of the viable ejaculated spermatozoa along the female genital tract. In the female (right panel), SP elicits immunomodulatory effects in the genital tract, firstly through a migration of leukocytes from the lamina propria through the epithelium during an initial transient inflammation (a), concomitant with a triggering of long-lasting differential gene expression changes in the female (b): EndoCvx: endocervix; Distal-Prox Endom: distal/proximal endometrium; UTJ: utero-tubal junction; Isth: isthmus; Amp: ampullas; Inf: infundibulum.