Table 1.

Comparison of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMK) II and IV, considering brain regions, cell types, functions, and disease-like states in rodents associated with dysfunctions of kinases.

	CaMKII	CaMKIV
Brain regions	prefrontal cortex [10,11], hippocampus [12,13], amygdala [14], lateral habenula [15,16]	hippocampus [17], nucleus accumbens [18]
Cell types	isoforms α and β: brain neurons; isoforms γ and δ: present in every examined tissue [19,20]	nervous tissue (mostly in cerebellum’s granular cells [21]), thymus (especially T-lymphocytes), spleen, and testis [22]
Function	regulation of various cellular functions by phosphorylating a wide range of substrates, e.g., regulation of immune system [23,24,25], cardiac function [26,27,28], pain [29]	regulation of various cellular functions by phosphorylating a wide range of substrates, e.g., controlling transcription factors such as CREB, ATF-1, SRF [30,31,32,33], blood pressure [34], immune system [35,36,37], microtubule dynamics [38]
Examples of dysfunction and associated disease-like state in rodents	abnormal phosphorylation—Angelman syndrome [39], β isoform overexpression—depressive-like symptoms [15], β isoform knockout—anxiety-related behavior [40], inhibition of α isoform expression—anxiolytic-like effect [41]	overexpression and increased activity—various types of cancer [42], knockout or inhibition—depressive-like state [17,43]