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. 2021 Apr 21;13(9):1359. doi: 10.3390/polym13091359

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) In−service bending shape of plastic and timber sleepers [43]. (b) Deflection profile of timber with and without reinforcement according to BOEF [44].