. 2021 Apr 22;18(9):4457. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094457

Table 3.

Psychometric Scales: Mean scores by sex and presence/absence of pre-existing mental health conditions.

Domain	Mean ± Std. Error			df	P-Value	Cohen’s d
Domain	Male	Female	t	df	P-Value	Cohen’s d
*PHQ-9*	4.72 ± 0.70	6.31 ± 0.40	1.98	129.68	0.05 *	0.27
*GAD-7*	3.82 ± 0.57	5.06 ± 0.34	1.87	135.50	0.064	0.25
*AIS*	5.95 ± 0.63	7.11 ± 0.40	1.57	139.08	0.119	0.21
*MBI_EE*	18.35 ±1.47	22.38 ± 0.94	2.32	143.66	0.022 *	0.31
*MBI_PA*	31.15 ± 1.29	32.81 ± 0.70	1.13	124.66	0.262	0.16
*MBI_DE*	4.32 ± 0.54	3.61 ± 0.31	−1.14	130.77	0.709	0.15
*RS_14*	83.05 ± 1.34	83.65 ± 0.72	0.40	123.26	0.694	0.05
	No Pre-existing MH diagnosis	Pre-existing MH diagnosis	t	df	p-Value	Cohen’s d
*PHQ-9*	4.75 ± 0.33	5.01 ± 0.39	−5.38	75.81	<0.001 *	0.85
*GAD-7*	3.81 ± 0.28	8.08 ± 0.74	−5.38	77.10	<0.001 *	0.85
*AIS*	5.98 ± 0.34	9.72 ± 0.78	−4.40	83.03	<0.001 *	0.67
*MBI_EE*	20.12 ± 0.89	24.98 ± 1.67	−2.57	95.18	0.012 *	0.37
*MBI_PA*	32.01 ± 0.71	33.83 ± 1.19	−1.31	104.54	0.192	0.18
*MBI_DE*	3.53 ± 0.29	4.68 ± 0.62	−1.69	87.75	0.094	0.25
*RS_14*	84.44 ± 0.68	80.07 ± 1.54	2.60	83.20	0.011 *	0.39

PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7 = General Anxiety Disorder-7; AIS = Athens Insomnia Scale; MBI_EE = Maslach Burnout Inventory, Emotional Exhaustion; MBI_PA = Maslach Burnout Inventory, Personal Accomplishment; MBI_DE = Maslach Burnout Inventory, Depersonalization; RES-14 = Resilience Scale-14; * = Statistically Significant.