Table 5.
This table includes the name of the different polyketides and macrolides, the dinoflagellates from which they were originally isolated, their biological activity, the active concentration for the different assays and the references.
| Compound | Microalgae | Bioactivity | Concentration | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amphidinols 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 (AM1, AM2, AM4, AM5, AM6) | Amphidinium klebsii | Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger Haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes |
In vitro disk assay: Minimum effect concentration (MEC) value 4 to 6 µg/disk In vitro Half maximum effective concentrations (EC50 values): 50 nM (AM1) 910 nM (AM2) 185 nM (AM4) 230 nM (AM5) 580 nM (AM6) |
[204] |
| Amphidinol 2 (AM2) | Amphidinium klebsii | Anticancer activity against colon cancer cells HCT116, HT29, and breast cancer cells MCF7 | Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values: 6.18 µM (HCT116) 0.87 µM (HT29) 2.98 µM (MCF7) |
[205] |
| Amphidinol 3 (AM3) | Amphidinium klebsii | Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger Haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes |
In vitro disk assay: MEC value 9 µg/disk In vitro EC50 value: 250 nM |
[206] |
| Amphidinol 7 (AM7) | Amphidinium klebsii | Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger Haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes |
In vitro disk assay: MEC value 10 µg/disk In vitro EC50 value: 300 nM |
[207] |
| Amphidinol 9 (AM9) | Amphidinium carterae | Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger Haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes |
In vitro disk assay: MEC value 10 µg/disk In vitro EC50 value: 300 nM |
[200] |
| Amphidinols 10, 11, 12 and 13 (AM10, AM11, AM12 and AM13) | Amphidinium carterae | Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger Haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes |
In vitro disk assay: MEC value >100 µg/disk In vitro EC50 value: >2000 nM |
[200] |
| Amphidinols 14 and 15 (AM14 and AM15) | Amphidinium klebsii | Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger Haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes |
In vitro disk assay: MEC value >60 µg/disk In vitro EC50 value: >50 µM |
[199] |
| Amphidinol 17 (AM17) | Amphidinium carterae | Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, and Candida kefyr. Haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes |
In vitro disk assay: not detectable antifungal activity In vitro EC50 value: >4.5 µM |
[208] |
| Amphidinols 18 and 19 (AM18 and AM19) | Amphidinium carterae | Antifungal activity against Candida albicans | In vitro growth inhibition assay: MIC values 9 µg/mL (AM18) Not detectable activity (AM19) |
[201] |
| Amphidinols 20 and 21 (AM20 and AM21) | Amphidinium carterae | Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger Haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes |
In vitro disk assay: MEC value >15 µg/disk In vitro EC50 value: 1–3 µM (AM20) >10 µM (AM21) |
[202] |
| Amphidinol 22 (AM22) | Amphidinium carterae | Antifugal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus Anticancer activity against several cancer cell lines |
Minimum inhibitory concentration value (MIC): 64 µg/mL In vitro: Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values: from 6 to 16 µM |
[203] |
| Amphidinols A and B (AM-A and AM-B) | Amphidinium carterae | Antifungal activity against Candida albicans | In vitro growth inhibition assay: MIC values 19 µg/mL (AM-A) >150 µg/mL (AM-B) |
[209] |
| Karantungiol A | Amphidinium sp. | Antifungal activity against NBRC4407 Aspergillus niger Antiprotozoal activity against Trichomonas foetus |
In vitro disk assay: 12 µg/disc In vitro Antiprotozoal assay: MIC 1 µg/mL |
[210] |
| Amphidinolides H and N (AMP-H and AMP-N) | Amphidinium sp. | Anticancer activity against L1210 murine leukemia cells and KB human epidermoid carcinoma cells | Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values: 0.48 ng/mL (AMP-H, L1210) 0.52 ng/mL (AMP-H, KB) 0.05 ng/mL (AMP-N, L1210) 0.06 ng/mL (AMP-N, KB) |
[211] |
| Amphirionin 2 | Amphidinium sp. | Anticancer activity against colon cancer Caco-2 and lung cancer A549 cells | Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values: 100 ng/mL (Caco-2) 600 ng/mL (A549) |
[212] |
| Gambieric acids A and B | Gambierdiscus toxicus | Antifungal activity against several fungal strains | In vitro growth inhibition assay: MIC values 0.2 to 6.25 µg/mL depending on compound/strain |
[213] |
| Goniodomin A | Goniodoma pseudogoniaulax | Antifungal activity against Mortierella ramannianus and Candida albicans Reduction on metabolic rate of BE(2)-M17 human neuroblastoma cells |
Growth inhibition at a concentration of 0.5 µg/mL In vitro: 50% decreased metabolic rate after 6-h incubation with 15 μM |
[214,215] |