Figure 3.

Effect of antipsychotics on the cellular metabolic status. Real-time metabolic status of BV-2 microglial cells was assessed using the Seahorse XF Analyzer. The metabolic phenotype of the cells changed significantly upon stimulation with antipsychotics (a), with a marked reduction in aerobic metabolism in all tested antipsychotics (F_{3, 12} = 158.6, p < 0.0001) and most significantly using risperidone (p < 0.0001). On the other hand, haloperidol (p < 0.05) and risperidone (p < 0.05) significantly increased the glycolytic metabolism compared to controls, while aripiprazole led to a reduction in glycolysis (p < 0.001), leading the cells to a more metabolically quiescent state. The greatest aerobic metabolic potential of cells under stress was present in control and risperidone-treated cells, while the glycolytic potential was highest in control and aripiprazole cells. Haloperidol-treated cells exhibited a reduced aerobic metabolic potential compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Cells pretreated with IFN-γ (b) exhibited a strong polarization towards glycolytic metabolism, which was successfully reversed by all three tested antipsychotics (F_{4, 15} = 721.6, p < 0.0001). Importantly, cells retained their metabolic potential, especially when treated with risperidone and aripiprazole. * Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 values.