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. 2021 Apr 22;22(9):4404. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094404

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1), insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGFR1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) mRNA levels in retinas of diabetic rats treated with nanostructured microemulsions system carrying 0.3% sorafenib (NaMESys-SOR). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of (A) NFκB, (B) TNFα, (C) IGF1, (D) IGFR1, (E) VEGFR1 and (F) VEGFR2 expression in retina of non-diabetic control rats treated with vehicle NaMESys (CTRL, n = 12), diabetic rats treated with vehicle (NaMESys, n = 12) and diabetic rats treated with microemulsion containing 0.3% sorafenib tosylate (NaMESys-SOR, n = 12). All treatments were administered b.i.d. topically (12 µL) for 21 days. mRNA expression of each gene (mean ± SD) was normalized to the endogenous ribosomal protein 18 S (housekeeping gene). Relative fold changes were calculated using the comparative ΔCt method. Expression levels were normalized to control. * p < 0.05 vs. CTRL or † p < 0.05 vs. NaMESys. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer’s post-hoc test.