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. 2021 Apr 22;22(9):4404. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094404

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) protein expression in retinas of diabetic rats treated with nanostructured microemulsions system carrying 0.3% sorafenib (NaMESys-SOR). (A) Representative immunoblots of TNFα, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression in retinas of control non-diabetic rats treated with vehicle NaMESys (CTRL, n = 12), diabetic rats treated with vehicle NaMESys (NaMESys, n = 12) and diabetic rats treated topically with NaMESys-SOR for 21 days (NaMESys-SOR, n = 12). Densitometric analyses of immunoblots for (B) TNF-α, (C) VEGFR1, (D) VEGFR2. Protein levels are expressed as arbitrary units obtained after normalization to β-tubulin which was used as loading control. Data are presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05 vs. CTRL or † p < 0.05 vs. NaMESys. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey–Kramer’s post-hoc test.