Table 2.

Overview of analyzed CD markers.

CD Marker	Name	Cellular Expression	Function	DPSC Expression	References
CD10	Neprilysin: membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME), neutral endopeptidase (NEP)	CD10 is expressed on the B and T cell precursors, bone marrow stromal cells, lymphoblastic cells, Burkitt’s, and follicular germinal center lymphomas, immature B cells within the adult bone marrow, and on cells from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). CD10 is also present on myoepithelial breast cells, bile canaliculi, fibroblasts, with incredibly high expression on the brush border of kidney and gut epithelial cells.Thought to be expressed during the first stages of heavy chain gene rearrangement and in an immunological context	It regulates B cell growth; it reduces the cellular response to peptide hormone in an immunological context.It is thought that the enzyme modulates the enkephalin-mediated inflammatory responseinvolved in the regulation of chemotactic and inflammatory processes involving neutrophils	Positive	[41,47,48]
CD13	Alanyl aminopeptidase (AAP) or aminopeptidase N (AP-N)	CD13 is expressed on the surface of early committed progenitors of granulocytes and monocytes CFU-GM, and all these lineages’ cells as they mature. It is also expressed on endothelial cells, epithelial cells from proximal renal tubules and intestinal brush border, bone marrow, stromal cells, fibroblasts, brain cells, osteoclasts, and cells lining bile duct canaliculi, and is expressed on a small proportion of large granular lymphocytes but not on other lymphocytes	It has a role in cell surface antigen presentation by trimming the N-terminal aa from MHC Class II-bound peptides. CD13 ectopeptidase activity is also thought to downregulate cellular responses to peptide hormones by reducing the local concentration of peptide available for receptor binding	Positive	[41,49]
CD18	Integrin beta chain-2: adhesive and signaling molecule for hematopoietic cell line	Lymphocyte Functions Associated Antigen 1 (binding CD18 and CD11) is a protein found on B cells, T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and Natural Killer cells. The binding of CD18 and CD11b-d results in complement receptors’ formation, which are proteins mainly found on neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells	The complement receptors participate in the innate immune response by recognizing foreign antigen peptides and phagocytizing them, thus destroying the antigen. The CD18 plays a role in the production and release of neutrophils from bone marrow	Negative	[50,51,52]
CD29	Integrin beta-1	Various cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells	Integrin family members are membrane receptors involved in cell adhesion and recognition in various processes, including embryogenesis, hemostasis, tissue repair, immune response, and metastatic diffusion of tumor cells	Positive	[41,53]
CD31	Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1)	Human granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets	It plays a role in endothelial cell intercellular junctions. The encoded protein is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and is likely involved in leukocyte transmigration, angiogenesis, and integrin activation	Negative	[54]
CD34	A transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein	Hematopoietic stem cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, vascular endothelial progenitors, embryonic fibroblasts	CD34 plays a role in cell adhesion and the regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation	Negative	[55]
CD44	A cell-surface glycoprotein, Hermes antigen, Pgp-1	Leukocytes, erythrocytes; hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells (no platelets)	It binds hyaluronic acid, mediates adhesion of leukocytes, adhesion of leukocytes, endothelial cells, stromal cells, and ECM	Positive	[41,56]
CD45	Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type C	It is present in various isoforms on all differentiated hematopoietic cells (except erythrocytes and plasma cells).	CD45 is an essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling	Negative	[41,57]
CD49f	Alpha-6 Integrin	Memory T cells, thymocytes, monocytes, memory B cells, platelets, megakaryocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, cytotrophoblasts	Alpha-6 Integrin, associates with CD29, binds laminin, adhesion and cell migration, embryogenesis	Positive	[58]
CD63	Granulophysin, LAMP-3 (Lysosomal-associated membrane 3), ME491, tetraspanin membrane protein	Several normal tissues, melanoma cells, a lysosomal membrane glycoprotein located mainly in the cytoplasm	It regulates melanoma cell motility and their adhesion and migration on substrates associated with beta1 integrins. It is associated with cell development and activation, and it may also function as a blood platelet activation marker	Positive	[59]
CD73	5’-nucleotidase, NTE, NT5	It is a surface enzyme expressed on multiple cells and used as a marker of lymphocyte differentiation	Enzyme catalyzes the conversion at neutral pH of purine 5-prime mononucleotides to nucleosides, the preferred substrate being AMP. It may also have a role in cell adhesion	Positive	[60]
CD90	Thy-1	It is expressed by hematopoietic stem cells, and neurons in all species studied, and it is highly expressed in connective tissue and various fibroblast and stromal cell lines. It is also expressed on all thymocytes and peripheral T cells in mice, but, in humans, it is expressed only on a small % of fetal thymocytes, 10–40% of CD34+ cells in bone marrow, and <1% of CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation. It is also expressed by human lymph node HEV endothelium but not other endothelia	Thy-1 can be used as a marker for a variety of stem cells and the axonal processes of mature neurons	Positive	[41,61,62]
CD105	EndoglinSH2	Endothelial cell, mesenchymal stem cell, erythroid precursors, activated monocytes, macrophages, and human vascular endothelial cells. Expression of endoglin is elevated on the endothelial cells of healing wounds, developing embryos, inflammatory tissues, and solid tumors.Endoglin is a marker of activated endothelium, and its vascular expression is limited to proliferating cells.	The possible ligand for an integrin, angiogenesis, modulates response to TGF beta 1postulated that endoglin is involved in the cytoskeletal organization affecting cell morphology and migrationdevelopment of the cardiovascular system, and in vascular remodelingprotective role of CD105 against pro-apoptotic factors	Positive	[41,63,64]
CD106	Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1)	Activated endothelial cellsmyeloid lineage and bone marrow stromal cellsfollicular dendritic cells, interdigitating reticulum cells, and Kupffer cells	It is an adhesion molecule, ligand for VLA-4, leukocyte adhesion, transmigration, and T cells’ co-stimulation.It encodes a cell surface sialoglycoprotein expressed by cytokine-activated endothelium. This type I membrane protein mediates leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and signal transduction, and may play a role in developing atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.CD106 expressed in non-vascular tissues has been implicated in the interaction of hematopoietic progenitors with bone marrow stromal cells, B cell binding to follicular dendritic cells, co-stimulation of T cells, and embryonic development	Positive	[41,65,66]
CD117	Tyrosine-protein kinase KIT, mast or stem cell growth factor receptor (SCF)	KIT is a cytokine receptor expressed on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells and other cell types	Signaling through KIT plays a role in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. For instance, KIT signaling is required for melanocyte survival, and it is also involved in hematopoiesis and gametogenesis	Positive	[45,46]
CD146	Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), cell surface glycoprotein (MUC18)	Activated human T cells, endothelial progenitors such as angioblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, and strongly expressed blood vessel endothelium and smooth muscle	CD146 has been seen as a marker for mesenchymal stem cells isolated from multiple adult and fetal organs, and its expression may be linked to multipotency; mesenchymal stem cells with greater differentiation potential express higher levels of CD146 on the cell surface	Positive	[41,67,68]
CD166	Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM)	T cells, NK cells, platelets, thymocytes, activated B and T cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, monocytes, epithelial cells, neurons, MSCs	Adhesion molecule, ligand for CD6; T-cell activation. Involved in neurite extension by neurons via heterophilic and homophilic interactions	Positive	[41,69,70]
CD 271	Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR), p75 neurotrophin receptor	This receptor is currently considered one of the most efficient markers for prospectively isolate BM-MSCs and other adult stem cells	It is a common receptor of neurotrophins that mediates different biological effects in several cell types, like cell survival, apoptosis, migration, and differentiation, and neurotrophin binding, interacting transmembrane co-receptors expression, intracellular adaptor molecule availability, and post-translational modifications, such as regulated proteolytic processing	Positive	[71]
MHC class I	Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I	MHC molecules are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in vertebrates	Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II proteins play a pivotal role in the immune system’s adaptive branch. Both classes of proteins share the task of presenting peptides on the cell surface for recognition by T cells	Positive	[72]
MHC class II	Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I	MHC class II molecules are found only on professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, mononuclear phagocytes, some endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells, and B cells		Negative	[73]
STRO1	A gene for a protein marker of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)	Marker for mesenchymal stem cells.	A gene for a protein marker of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)	Positive	[41,74]