. 2021 Apr 23;18(9):4509. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094509

Table 3.

Secondary outcome (n = 78).

Characteristics	High Dose Caffeine	Low Dose Caffeine	p-Value
Characteristics	(n = 40)	(n = 38)	p-Value
Extubation Failure
Yes	6 (15) ^a	6 (15.8) ^a	0.923
Broncho Pulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
Yes	10 (25) ^a	14 (36.8) ^a	0.257
Duration of Non-Invasive Ventilation (days)	18.50 (32) ^b	22 (37) ^b	0.642
Duration of Oxygen Therapy (days)	0 (5) ^b	0 (7) ^b	0.752
Systemic steroid for BPD
Yes	6 (15) ^a	8(21.1) ^a	0.486
Time to reach full enteral feeding (day)	12.5 (12) ^b	13.5 (13) ^b	0.98
Caffeine withheld for suspected side effect
Yes	5 (12.5) ^a	4 (10.5) ^a	1
Weight gain (g/day)	13.45 (11.92) ^b	13.38 (10.40) ^b	0.234
Urine flow rate at day 5 of treatment (ml/kg/hour)	4.60 (1.99) ^b	4.33 (1.05) ^b	0.148
Urine Phosphate excretion	4.26 (11.52) ^b	1.48 (7.64) ^b	0.557
Urine calcium excretion (mmol/L)	2.21 (3.03) ^b	1.49 (1.62) ^b	0.247
Osteopenia of prematurity
Yes	14 (35) ^a	16 (42.1) ^a	0.519
Severe Intraventricular Haemorrhage (IVH) (≥grade 3)
Yes	0 (0) ^a	2 (5.3) ^a	0.234
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Yes	7 (17.9) ^a	4 (10.5) ^a	0.352
Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC)
Yes	4 (10) ^a	3 (7.9) ^a	1
Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL)
Yes	2 (5) ^a	1 (2.6) ^a	1
Length of Hospital stay (day)	52 (42) ^b	49.50 (32) ^b	0.72
Death before hospital discharge	1 (2.5) ^a	1 (2.6) ^a	1

^a number (percentage); ^b median (Interquartile range).