Table 2.
Comparison of visual analog scale (VAS) scores between the two groups.
| VAS (0–10 cm) | EMG-BF (n = 30) Mean ± SD | Control (n = 30) Mean ± SD | * ANOVA | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | p | ||||
| Baseline | 6.95 ± 0.66 | 6.76 ± 0.69 | 1.30 | 0.408 | 0.28 |
| Week 2 | 3.75 ± 0.60 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 40.68 | 0.0008 | 1.65 |
| Week 4 | 1.68 ± 0.67 | 4.45 ± 0.86 | 19.74 | 0.0005 | 1.15 |
| Week 6 | 1.25 ± 0.78 | 4.03 ± 0.61 | 19.86 | 0.0005 | 1.15 |
* Statistically significant if p < 0.05; EMG-BF, electromyographic biofeedback; effect size: small (0.20), medium (0.50), large (0.80).