Table 3.

Antineoplastic effects and underlying mechanisms of action of XH based on in vivo experiments.

Cancer Type	Animal Model	Effects	Mechanisms	Dose (Route)	Duration	Reference
Breast cancer	BALB/c mouse tumor model by using 4T1 cell lines	Suppressed tumor growth; decreased tumor weight and size	↓Survivin; ↑caspase cleavage, ↓Notch-1; ↓Ki-67	100 and 200 mg/kg	14 days	[51]
Colorectal cancer	Xenograft mouse model by using FHC, SW620, LOVO, CCD841, SW480, CoN, HT29, and HCT116	Inhibited tumor cell proliferation	↑Apoptosis; ↑cyt. c release	10 mg/kg (i.p.)	Every two days	[71]
	Male Sprague Dawley rats by using SW480 CRC cells	Inhibited tumor cell proliferation	↑Apoptosis; ↓wnt/β-catenin signaling ↓Bax; ↓ Bcl-2; ↓caspase-3; ↓iNOS; ↓COX-2	5 mg/kg for alternate days	8 weeks	[93]
Esophageal cancer	Patient-derived xenograft mouse model by using KYSE30 cell lines	Decreased tumor volume and weight	↑Apoptosis; Ki-67; ↓KRT18	40, 80, and 160 mg/kg (p.o.)	64 days	[72]
Glioblastoma	Xenograft mouse model by using LN229, U87MG, and T98G cell lines	Reduced tumor weight	↓Akt-GSK3β-FBW7-c-Myc protein	10 mg/kg for every three days (i.p.)	32 days	[75]
Lung cancer	Xenograft mouse model by using HCC827 cells	Suppressed tumor growth	↓Cyclin D1; ↓ERK1/2-fra1 signaling pathway	10mg/kg (i.p.)	32 days	[94]
Pancreatic cancer	Subcutaneous xenograft mouse model by using BXPC-3 cells	Inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis	↓NF-κB activation ↓tube formation; ↓VGEF; ↓IL8	10 mg/kg/week	5 weeks	[88]